Concepts

A within-individual process caused by deterioration in molecular and physiological function resulting in a decrease in survival probability and reproductive output with age

Positive social interactions and bonds between individuals including behaviors like grooming, playing, and proximity maintenance

Winter survival strategy of some small mammals that may affect their vulnerability to avalanche disturbance depending on burrow depth and emergence timing

Growth pattern characterized by an initial period of mass gain followed by stabilization before hibernation entry

Mass gain patterns in young animals during their first active season before hibernation

The process by which female mammals that develop in male-biased litters show signs of masculinization because they are exposed to testosterone produced by their male siblings in utero

Infection by internal parasites including blood-borne trypanosomes and intestinal parasites that can affect host behavior and physiology

Learning that occurs through observation or interaction with other individuals