Concepts

Acoustic phenomena including subharmonics, biphonation, deterministic chaos, and warbles that occur when vocal production apparatus loses control

Territorial behavior including alarm and warning calls to protect midden from squirrels and other mammals, with territories ranging from 0.5 to 1 hectares defended through vocalizations and chasing

Blood parasites including Haematazoa subclass with four main genera: Leucocytozoon, Haemoproteus, Plasmodium, and Trypanosoma, vectored by dipterans

Traits like crown-stripe width, plumage coloration, and song that require additional energy to maintain and signal mate quality