Counting marmots…
17 concepts
Indirect effects of predators on lower trophic levels mediated through changes in intermediate consumer behavior or abundance
Behavioral, physiological, and life-history changes that reduce the risk of predation but have associated energetic or fitness costs to prey individuals and populations
The modification of environments by organisms in ways that influence resource availability for other species, exemplified by beaver dam construction creating pond habitats.
Constraint on growth or reproduction due to insufficient availability of essential nutrients
The process by which non-native species become established and spread in new environments
Downstream movement of benthic invertebrates in flowing water either naturally or induced by disturbance