Concepts

The ability of bumble bees to regulate internal body temperature through muscle contraction

The hypothesis that secondary metabolites in certain pollen types provide protection against natural enemies

Pollination behavior where bumblebees make vibrations that knock pollen out of plant anthers, fertilizing the plant and allowing quicker seed and fruit production

Upper temperature limit where organisms lose fitness and performance ability

The ability to extract nutrients from consumed food, measured here by frass mass relative to provision mass and extent of pollen grain digestion

Spatial sampling design measuring wildlife responses at increasing distances from disturbance sources

Mathematical moments describing trait distributions including mean, variance, skew and kurtosis that characterize central tendency, spread, asymmetry and tail behavior

The energetic cost of provisioning brood cells, measured by number of foraging flights per completed cell and provision mass

Statistical method to identify correlations between species traits and environmental variables

Lifetime reproductive output of individual organisms, measured as total brood cell production across all nests for female bees

The transport and distribution of microorganisms among different locations by animal vectors

Multiple individuals of solitary nesting species choosing to nest in close proximity to one another

Method of covering flowers with mesh bags to prevent pollinator access and allow nectar accumulation for sampling

Geographic variation in chemical profiles that may reflect phylogeographic drift in odor profiles between populations

Statistical methods for analyzing time-to-event data, here focused on summer survival probability

The number of generations produced per year, under both genetic and environmental control in insects

The duration a pollinator spends foraging on each flower, calculated by dividing total foraging bout duration by number of flowers visited