Concepts

Distinct phases of bee flight period: emergence from nests, timing of peak abundance of foragers, and senescence

The duration from when a flower's corolla first opens until either the corolla falls off or the stigma closes after opening

Sequential developmental stages of individual flowers progressing through male phases (M1, M2), inter-phase, and female phase

Statistical method to compare species richness across samples by generating accumulation curves based on individual encounters

The upper thermal limit when the bumblebee loses its motor function as a result of high temperatures

Duration of favorable conditions for bee development and reproduction, shorter at high elevations

Upper temperature limit where organisms lose fitness and performance ability

The ability to extract nutrients from consumed food, measured here by frass mass relative to provision mass and extent of pollen grain digestion

Mathematical moments describing trait distributions including mean, variance, skew and kurtosis that characterize central tendency, spread, asymmetry and tail behavior

The energetic cost of provisioning brood cells, measured by number of foraging flights per completed cell and provision mass

Lifetime reproductive output of individual organisms, measured as total brood cell production across all nests for female bees

Method of covering flowers with mesh bags to prevent pollinator access and allow nectar accumulation for sampling

Statistical methods for analyzing time-to-event data, here focused on summer survival probability

The duration a pollinator spends foraging on each flower, calculated by dividing total foraging bout duration by number of flowers visited