Concepts

Internal aboveground symbionts living within plant tissues that can produce alkaloids for plant defense

Feeding behavior where insect larvae create tunnels within plant leaves between epidermal layers

Suite of plant responses to shade including stem elongation, reduced branching, and accelerated flowering to compete for light

Environmental gradient of light availability from open sun through intermediate shade to deep shade habitats

Properties of materials that inhibit microbial growth and decomposition

When prior infection by one natural enemy affects the plant's resistance or susceptibility to attack by a different natural enemy