Concepts

How male and female plants of dioecious species differ in their interactions with insects

Sugar composition of plant phloem sap which honeydew is derived from, potentially altered by temperature affecting ant recruitment or tending behavior

The excretion of sugar-rich liquid waste by herbivorous hemipterans feeding on plant sap

The concept that higher trophic levels are more sensitive to environmental change due to their smaller population sizes and greater environmental demands

Chemical signals that organisms use to obtain information about their environment

The balance between costs and benefits that determines whether species interactions are mutualistic or antagonistic

The hypothesis that species that are competitively dominant have reduced ability to discover new resources quickly

Behavioral patterns of wasps that parasitize other arthropods, particularly aphids

The sharing of liquid food resources between nestmates through specialized anatomical and behavioral adaptations

Having the greatest foraging success relative to abundance in the environment