Concepts

Mutually beneficial herbivore-predator associations where sap-feeding insects provide honeydew food for ants in exchange for protection against predators

Positive species interactions such as nurse plant effects by cushion-forming species that increase reproductive success for neighboring plants

Interactions involving three species or groups, such as soil microbes, plants, and pollinators

The excretion of sugar-rich liquid waste by herbivorous hemipterans feeding on plant sap

Behavioral patterns of wasps that parasitize other arthropods, particularly aphids