A statistically-defined avalanche size (typically 100-300 year return period) used for engineering and land-use planning
Statistical technique to remove temporal trends by extracting residuals from regressions with year as predictor
Metric defined as d-excess = δ²H - 8·δ¹⁸O, indicative of non-equilibrium conditions during evaporation and sublimation processes
The speed at which organisms progress through life stages, influenced by temperature and other environmental factors
Stressful environmental conditions during development that can affect later life performance
Limited time available for larval development before habitat drying selects for aggressive behavior