Concepts

Reduced fitness in inbred individuals compared to outbred individuals due to expression of deleterious recessive alleles

When single genes or alleles influence multiple, seemingly unrelated traits

Plasticity that occurs across generations where parental environmental effects influence offspring phenotype or fitness

Genetic variation maintained in populations by natural selection where different alleles are favored under different conditions

When populations have not yet adapted to current environmental conditions due to time delays

Chromosomal rearrangement where a segment is reversed in orientation, potentially suppressing recombination and maintaining linkage between beneficial alleles

Reduced fitness in F2 hybrids compared to F1 hybrids, often attributed to genetic incompatibilities between nuclear genes

Traits like crown-stripe width, plumage coloration, and song that require additional energy to maintain and signal mate quality

Differences between sexes in fluorescent patterns, as identified in Plethodon metcalfi

Cooperation between 2 or more individuals against a third during an aggressive or competitive encounter, or formed for intergroup contests to defend territory or take over breeding groups

Morphologically similar species that are genetically distinct and reproductively isolated

Interactions between host and pathogen genotypes that affect infection phenotype beyond additive effects

Superior performance of F1 hybrids compared to both parental species

Morphological defenses that are induced by the presence of predators, such as longer caudal filaments in mayflies exposed to fish predators

Structural coloration that changes appearance based on viewing angle due to optical interference in plumage or other surfaces

Selection of host plants that reduce offspring fitness or survival

Individuals bearing characteristics from both parent species indicating potential hybrid status

A specialized egg-laying apparatus that surmounts host plant physical defences and may be evolutionarily labile, allowing access to plant interior for herbivorous insects

Bee social organization with multiple broods per year, cooperative breeding, and castes, but with small morphological differences between castes compared to fully eusocial species.

Difference in genetic relatedness that workers have to brothers versus sisters due to haplodiploidy in Hymenoptera

Continuous variation in style length within and among M. fusiformis populations, categorized as long-styled vs short-styled morphs

Presence of both long-winged and short-winged morphs within a species, related to dispersal-reproduction tradeoffs