Concepts

The reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species driven by natural selection, where adaptations of one species create selective pressures on another species

asexual reproduction via seeds

Conflicts between opportunities of a flower to receive fitness contributions from different visitor groups due to competition over limited floral resources

Transmission of endosymbionts from mother to clonal offspring through the maternal lineage.

Selection pressure from non-biological environmental factors such as rain or wind

Improvement in population fitness through the introduction of new genetic material

Selection pressures that oppose each other within or between levels of biological organization

Non-random mating where individuals preferentially mate with similar individuals

The evolutionary processes leading to the development of multiple distinct call types in animal communication systems

Genetic change in a trait if there is heritable variation, selection, and heritability

Crosses between two species where each species serves as both maternal and paternal parent, allowing study of cytoplasmic inheritance effects

Evolutionary changes in sex-determining chromosomes including fusion events and differentiation from autosomes

Evolutionary interaction where male traits evolve to overcome female resistance to mating

Signals must be 'contextually independent' where perceivers must respond to a variable call much as they would to the eliciting stimulus, even when no other cues are available

The evolutionary process by which polyploid genomes are restructured into diploid-like states through chromosome rearrangements and gene loss

The co-optation of existing traits for new functions during evolution

Changes in the timing or rate of developmental events relative to the development of the whole organism

Different evolutionary rates and histories in different parts of the genome

The influence of parasites on sexually selected traits and mate choice decisions

Major driver of speciation involving increases in ploidy level, with 15% of angiosperms and 30% of ferns arising through ploidy level variation

The degree to which alarming aerial stimuli must elicit 'aerial alarm calls' and alarming terrestrial stimuli must elicit 'terrestrial alarm calls'

Acceleration of gonad development which becomes functional at a significantly younger age than the usual onset of maturity in metamorphs

Any situation in which one sex function directly decreases the success of the other sex function