Asking the pikas politely…
Most flowering plants are hermaphroditic, reproducing through seed set and seed siring. In gynodioecious species, some individuals are female and only reproduce through seed set. Because females do not gain fitness through pollen, they must have a seed fitness advantage over hermaphrodites to be maintained. Mutualists and antagonists interacting with plants may generate this advantage. We evaluated whether pollinators (Bombus sp.), pre-dispersal seed predator flies (Hylemya sp.), and vertebrate herbivores help explain the persistence of females in the gynodioecious Polemonium foliosissimum.
Knowledge graph centered on Roles of pollinators, seed predators, and vertebra with 66 nodes and 102 connections. Top connected: Geitonogamy: the neglected side of selfing, Two-form Bumble Bee, Bumble Bees, Yellow-fronted Bumble Bee, Buff-tailed Bumble Bee.
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