Concepts

Future climate scenarios based on different greenhouse gas emission pathways, specifically RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios

asexual reproduction via seeds

Pattern of fire occurrence including frequency, intensity, and timing that shapes ecosystem dynamics

Mountain ecosystem characterized by specific elevation, climate, and vegetation adapted to montane conditions

The horizontal and vertical distribution of components of a forest stand including the height, diameter, crown layers, and stems of trees, shrubs, herbaceous understory, snags, and down woody debris

Mathematical relationships that describe how tree dimensions and biomass scale with each other