Concepts

Shallow subsurface zone where river and groundwater mix, serving as a source or sink of reactive nitrogen depending on water residence times and nitrogen transformation rates

Coupled modeling approach simulating surface and subsurface hydrologic processes including groundwater flow and particle tracking

Accounting framework where annual discharge equals precipitation minus evapotranspiration minus storage changes

October through September annual cycle used for water resource analysis

An approximation of non-water stressed evapotranspiration calculated using energy-only methods from net radiation estimates

Naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen (²H) and oxygen (¹⁸O) in water molecules used to trace water sources and movement through soil-plant systems

The relationship between solute concentrations and discharge in streams, widely used as a metric for interpreting interaction of hydrological processes, chemical transport, and mineral reactions in wa...

Distributions that provide fundamental insights on hydrological processes within watersheds by describing how long water spends underground

The division of water flow between different hydrological pathways including surface flow, shallow subsurface flow, and deep groundwater flow

Redox-stratified and temporally dynamic sediments in river corridors where biological processes mediate sulfur transformations

Process where trees shift their root water uptake from topsoil towards subsoil to sustain transpiration rates when shallow soil moisture declines

Concentration-discharge pattern where solute concentrations remain relatively constant across flow conditions, indicated by C-Q slope near zero

Statistical approach to quantify proportional contributions of different water sources to mixed samples using tracer concentrations

Process by which melting snow penetrates soil and triggers changes in microbial activity and nutrient cycling

The amount of water stored in soil and subsurface compartments that responds dynamically to hydrological inputs and outputs

Mathematical equation describing water flow in partially saturated soils by relating volumetric soil water content to constitutive relations

The downward movement of water from surface water to groundwater, occurring through infiltration and percolation processes and declining under warming due to increased evapotranspiration

A theoretical framework relating long-term evapotranspiration to water availability and atmospheric evaporative demand

The systematic change in isotopic composition of precipitation with elevation due to progressive rainout and temperature effects

High spatial resolution climate modeling at sub-kilometer scales for hydrological applications

Different trajectory of C-Q relationships during rising and falling limbs of hydrographs that indicate differences in timing of hydrological response from surface and subsurface compartments

A modeling approach where downslope flow responds to rainfall or snowmelt recharge through accommodating new recharge within a rising water table within a thicker and more transmissive saturated zone