Hauling field gear up Gothic Mountain…
Integrates hydrological modeling, groundwater monitoring, and geochemical analysis to understand how snowmelt, weathering, and climate variability drive water and solute fluxes through the East River Watershed.
AI-generated synthesis. An AI-synthesized research primer that reads the publications, datasets, and documents tagged as this neighborhood's members and summarizes the work as a brief literature-review-style narrative.
Read it as a starting point — a synthesized map of what is in this neighborhood and how it connects, not as a peer-reviewed literature review. Cited papers are grounded; the synthesis is the model's reading of them.
Mountain watersheds are the water towers of the American West, and the East River near Gothic, Colorado, is one of the most intensively studied examples in the world. Roughly 80% of the precipitation in the Colorado River headwaters falls as snow, and the meltwater that emerges each spring sustains streamflow for some 40 million people downstream. Understanding how that water moves — from snowpack into soils, through bedrock, and eventually into streams — is the central task of mountain hydrology, the study of water cycling in steep, snow-dominated terrain where snowpack, vegetation, topography, and underground water storage are tightly linked.
Several concepts are essential to follow the findings below. Snow water equivalent (SWE) is the depth of water that would result if the snowpack melted; it is the master variable predicting how much water enters the system each year. Once snow melts, water either runs off as streamflow (discharge), is returned to the atmosphere by plants and evaporation (evapotranspiration), or infiltrates downward to become groundwater recharge. Groundwater storage — the volume of water held in soils, fractured bedrock, and deeper aquifers — buffers streamflow during dry periods and feeds baseflow when snow is gone. Where stream water and groundwater mix beneath and beside the channel, they form the hyporheic zone, a biologically active region where redox reactions (chemical reactions involving electron transfer, sensitive to dissolved oxygen levels) transform nitrogen, iron, and carbon.
The chemistry of mountain streams reflects this plumbing. As water contacts rocks, weathering — the chemical breakdown of minerals such as pyrite and carbonates in the local Mancos Shale — releases solutes that travel with the water. The relationship between solute concentration and stream discharge (the concentration-discharge or C-Q relationship) is a diagnostic fingerprint of where stream water comes from and how long it has been underground. Carbon cycling in this landscape involves both dissolved organic matter flushed from soils during snowmelt and dissolved inorganic carbon produced by mineral weathering and root respiration. Together, these hydrologic and biogeochemical processes define what scientists call watershed function — the integrated way a basin stores, transforms, and exports water, carbon, and nutrients.
Systematic collection of groundwater samples at regular depth intervals using sediment coring and peristaltic pumping, with immediate field analysis a...
Installation of three 10-meter deep monitoring wells along a hillslope transect equipped with suction lysimeters, pressure transducers, and temperatur...
High-resolution integrated hydrological modeling using coupled PRMS-MODFLOW system to simulate surface water and groundwater interactions extending 40...
Continuous automated monitoring of soil temperature, moisture, and gas concentrations at multiple depths using sensor arrays. Provides high-resolution...
Comprehensive chemical analysis of water samples including major ions, trace metals, and conservative tracers using multiple analytical techniques. In...
Standard analytical chemistry methods using ion chromatography for anions and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for cations and trace eleme...
The data set consists of strontium (Sr) isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr), water isotopes, soil cation concentrations, soil water potential sensor data, and ...
This data package consists of soil temperature and soil water content sensor data from the warming experiment near the Rocky Mountain Biological Labor...
Snowmelt is a critical biogeochemical period that accounts for large nitrogen (N) export events from high-elevation watersheds. Soil microbial populat...
This data package is used in the manuscript entitled “Hydrological control of chemical weathering and rock-carbon fluxes”. The field study was conduct...
This data package includes hourly meteorological and soil sensor data at eight ecohydrology monitoring sites in East River Watershed, Colorado as part...
Research on the East River as an integrated system was formally launched when the U.S. Department of Energy established a 300-square-kilometer community testbed there in 2016, designed to link hydrology and biogeochemistry across scales (Hubbard et al., 2018). Earlier land-use mapping had already shown that the East River valley was undergoing rapid landscape change relevant to water resources (Theobald et al., 1996), but the modern era of process-based study took shape with a series of papers between 2018 and 2019 that established the basic plumbing of the basin. End-member mixing analyses across nested sub-catchments demonstrated that groundwater contributes 12–33% of annual streamflow and up to 50% during baseflow, with recharge concentrated in the upper subalpine where snow accumulates beneath open canopies (Carroll et al., 2018).
Complementary work showed that lateral subsurface flow (interflow) from high ridges focuses recharge into convergent topographic zones and is surprisingly resilient to drought (Carroll et al., 2019). At the same time, reactive-transport modeling at Coal Creek revealed that the chemistry of East River streams reflects the alternating dominance of two contrasting source waters — organic-rich shallow soil water during snowmelt and solute-rich, organic-poor groundwater during dry periods (Zhi et al., 2019). These foundational studies framed the East River as a place where water sources, residence times, and chemistry are inseparable.
A central theme to emerge is that groundwater is a larger and more dynamic part of mountain streamflow than once assumed. Stable isotope studies show that snow contributes roughly 94% of summer streamflow across nine East River sub-catchments, while only 8% of summer rain reaches the stream — the rest is returned to the atmosphere by trees (Sprenger et al., 2022). Catchments with denser tree cover and certain aspects send more snowmelt back to the atmosphere rather than to streams. High-elevation snowpack above 3,200 meters is especially important, contributing about 44% of streamflow during the melt season and up to 70% at peak melt (Sprenger et al., 2024). Particle-tracking models reveal that water moving through hillslopes can span ages from days to many years, and plants can shift between young and very old water sources depending on conditions (Maxwell et al., 2019).
The chemistry of the watershed is shaped by where weathering happens underground. Studies of the Mancos Shale that underlies the basin show that the seasonal range of water-table oscillation defines the active weathering zone, with pyrite oxidation, carbonate dissolution, and rock organic matter weathering all concentrated at the same depth (Wan et al., 2019). These reactions export large amounts of base cations and also generate reactive nitrogen and nitrous oxide directly from bedrock (Wan et al., 2021). In stream corridors, mixing zones beneath meander bends and beaver dams create patches of intense biogeochemical activity: beaver dams alone impose hydraulic gradients more than ten times those of seasonal flood pulses and boost nitrogen removal by over 40% (Dewey et al., 2022); (Dewey et al., 2022).
Biology tracks this hydrologic rhythm closely. Soil microbial communities reach their annual peak biomass beneath the winter snowpack, then collapse abruptly with snowmelt, releasing a pulse of nitrate to soils and streams (Sorensen et al., 2020). Soil viruses follow a parallel seasonal pattern, with active viral populations turning over between winter, snowmelt, and summer (Coclet et al., 2023). Hydrology, more than temperature, governs how much dissolved carbon the watershed exports, with deeper groundwater contributing roughly 20% of annual discharge and a larger share in dry years (Kerins et al., 2024).
The most recent work, published since 2023, has shifted focus to the deep subsurface and to how the system will respond to a warmer, drier future. High-resolution integrated models that extend 400 meters into bedrock now predict that warming will drive forests to use more water, reducing groundwater recharge and producing persistent storage losses that cannot recover even in wet years (Carroll et al., 2024). Follow-up modeling shows that the depth and porosity of bedrock circulation strongly control how well streams can buffer multi-year droughts, with deeper, more porous bedrock providing more drought resilience (Carroll et al., 2025). Groundwater age tracers and matrix-diffusion modeling reveal that old water — decades to centuries old — plays a previously underappreciated role in sustaining hillslope flow (Thiros et al., 2024) (Thiros et al., 2025).
New frontiers are also opening in plant-water-rock coupling, soil carbon, and stream chemistry. Deep-rooted plants are now shown to draw cation nutrients from saprolite and bedrock when surface water is scarce (Li et al., 2026), and aspen versus spruce forests store soil carbon through fundamentally different mechanisms (Wang et al., 2025). Long, four-year stream chemistry records are being combined with isotopes and radon tracers to map how subsurface heterogeneity controls when and where the watershed becomes hydrologically connected (Johnson et al., 2025) (Johnson et al., 2024). The trajectory of the field is clearly toward integrating deep groundwater, vegetation water use, and biogeochemistry within a single predictive framework for the entire Upper Colorado headwaters.
Despite the rapid advances of the past five years, major uncertainties remain. How deep does active groundwater circulation actually extend beneath mountain hillslopes, and how does fracture geometry control storage and release across the Gunnison Basin? Can current models capture the nonlinear, compound effects of warming, drought, vegetation change, and beaver activity on streamflow and water quality? How will shifts in snow timing and the rain-to-snow ratio reorganize the seasonal pulses of microbes, nutrients, and dissolved carbon that link the snowpack to the stream? And as deep-rooted plants increasingly tap bedrock water and nutrients, how will long-term weathering rates, soil carbon storage, and downstream water chemistry evolve? Answering these questions will require sustained, multi-decade observations at sites like the East River, paired with models that bring the deep subsurface, the canopy, and the stream into a single picture.
Beaver dams overshadow climate extremes in controlling riparian hydrology and water quality (2022). [Dewey et al., 2022](/publications/286) →
Carroll, R. W. H., Bearup, L. A., Brown, W., Dong, W., Bill, M., Williams, K. H. (2018). Factors Controlling Seasonal Groundwater and Solute Flux from Snow-Dominated Basins. Hydrological Processes. →
Carroll, R. W. H., Deems, J. S., Niswonger, R., Schumer, R., Williams, K. H. (2019). The importance of interflow to groundwater recharge in a snowmelt-dominated headwater basin. Geophysical Research Letters. →
Carroll, R. W. H., et al. (2024). Declining groundwater storage expected to amplify mountain streamflow reductions in a warmer world. Nature Water. →
Carroll, R. W. H., et al. (2025). The role of bedrock circulation depth and porosity in mountain streamflow response to prolonged drought. Geophysical Research Letters. →
Coclet, C., et al. (2023). Virus diversity and activity is driven by snowmelt and host dynamics in a high-altitude watershed soil ecosystem. Microbiome. →
Hubbard, S. S., et al. (2018). The East River, Colorado, Watershed: A mountainous community testbed for improving predictive understanding of multiscale hydrological-biogeochemical dynamics. Vadose Zone Journal. →
Johnson, C., et al. (2024). Shifting groundwater fluxes in bedrock fractures: Evidence from stream water radon and water isotopes. Journal of Hydrology. →
Johnson, C., et al. (2025). Hidden features: How subsurface and landscape heterogeneity govern hydrologic connectivity and stream chemistry in a montane watershed. Hydrological Processes. →
Kerins, D., et al. (2024). Hydrology outweighs temperature in driving production and export of dissolved carbon in a snowy mountain catchment. Water Resources Research. →
Li, L., et al. (2026). Depth of nutrient uptake by deep-rooted plants is regulated by water availability. PNAS. →
Maxwell, R. M., et al. (2019). Exploring source water mixing and transient residence time distributions of outflow and evapotranspiration with an integrated hydrologic model and Lagrangian particle tracking approach. Ecohydrology. →
Sorensen, P. O., et al. (2020). The Snowmelt Niche Differentiates Three Microbial Life Strategies That Influence Soil Nitrogen Availability During and After Winter. Frontiers in Microbiology. →
Sprenger, M., et al. (2022). Variability of Snow and Rainfall Partitioning Into Evapotranspiration and Summer Runoff Across Nine Mountainous Catchments. Geophysical Research Letters. →
Sprenger, M., et al. (2024). Stream water sourcing from high-elevation snowpack inferred from stable isotopes of water: a novel application of d-excess values. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. →
Theobald, D. M., Gosnell, H., Riebsame, W. E. (1996). Land Use and Landscape Change in the Colorado Mountains II: A Case Study of the East River Valley. Mountain Research and Development. →
Thiros, N. E., et al. (2024). Old-Aged groundwater contributes to mountain hillslope hydrologic dynamics. Journal of Hydrology. →
Thiros, N. E., et al. (2025). Matrix diffusion controls mountain hillslope groundwater ages and inferred storage dynamics. Groundwater. →
Wan, J., et al. (2019). Predicting sedimentary bedrock subsurface weathering fronts and weathering rates. Scientific Reports. →
Wan, J., et al. (2021). Bedrock weathering contributes to subsurface reactive nitrogen and nitrous oxide emissions. Nature Geoscience. →
Wang, S., et al. (2025). Soil signals of key mechanisms driving greater protection of organic carbon under aspen compared to spruce forests in a North American montane ecosystem. Biogeosciences. →
Zhi, W., Li, L., Dong, W., Brown, W., Kaye, J., Steefel, C., Williams, K. H. (2019). Distinct Source Water Chemistry Shapes Contrasting Concentration-Discharge Patterns. Water Resources Research. →
Quantitative XRD analysis of powdered rock samples using Rietveld refinement to determine mineral concentrations and spatial distribution. Samples ana...
Daily water and energy budget modeling at 100-m grid resolution using the US Geological Survey Precipitation-Modeling Runoff System (PRMS) with climat...
Sampling of 3H and 4He environmental tracers from screened groundwater wells to constrain groundwater age distributions and validate numerical model p...
Systematic collection of snowpack samples across elevation gradients using snow pits dug at 10 cm increments to obtain SWE-weighted composite isotopic...
Stepped-temperature thermal analysis to quantify readily oxidizable organic carbon (OC400), total inorganic carbon (TIC), and residual organic carbon ...
A novel approach that captures the difference in concentration in a river segment over the difference in discharge, accounting for gains, losses or fr...
Uses stable isotope ratios (δ²H and δ¹⁸O) of precipitation and streamflow to quantify the relative contributions of snow versus rain to streamflow and...
Sequential extraction and ICP-MS analysis of soil pools and plant tissues to trace nutrient sources using 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Includes mixing model calc...
Autonomous sampling system using osmotic pumps to continuously collect water samples over extended periods for chemical analysis. Tubing inlets placed...
Aqueous CO2 concentrations determined by headspace equilibration in glass bottles followed by IRGA analysis of extracted headspace gas with correction...
A brokering framework that uses OGC standards to integrate heterogeneous environmental datasets from multiple sources into synthesized time-series dat...
Separation of sediment organic carbon into free light fraction (FLF), occluded light fraction (OLF), and heavy fraction (HF) using sodium polytungstat...
Sample pre-treatment method using PPL cartridges (Bond Elut) after acidifying samples to pH 2 with phosphoric acid to extract organic compounds.
Longitudinal grab sampling along Coal Creek mainstem during three critical hydrograph stages (peak flow, falling limb, low flow) across multiple years...
Development and application of a 2-D multiphase reactive transport model using PFLOTRAN to simulate coupled hydrological and biogeochemical processes ...
Colorimetric determination of ferrous iron concentrations using ferrozine reagent with spectrophotometric measurement at 562 nm absorption peak and ca...
Sequential chemical extractions using water, sodium pyrophosphate, HCl, and sodium dithionite to selectively dissolve mineral phases of varying crysta...
A comprehensive statistical framework for quality assurance and quality control of meteorological time series data involving preliminary data explorat...
Measurement of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios using Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectrometer with auto-sampler and heated injector block. Re...
Integrated approach combining borehole drilling with comprehensive geophysical logging including NMR, electrical resistivity, temperature, and electro...
Collection and analysis of discrete water quality samples including pesticide analysis. Results include load calculations and water quality parameters...
Photographs of soil pit faces are overlaid with 1×1 cm grids to systematically score presence or absence of fine and coarse roots in each grid cell, p...
Measurement of oxygen consumption rates in pore water samples using resazurin as an indicator dye. Samples preserved at 4°C for 24 hours before spectr...
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis of Fe-bearing colloids using synchrotron radiation with cryogenic sample preparation and shell-by-sh...
Computational pipeline using VirSorter2 and CheckV for viral sequence identification, followed by clustering into viral operational taxonomic units an...
Direct measurement of soil depth using auger drilling to bedrock contact, validated with cone penetrometer resistance profiles. Distinguishes mobile r...
Standardized wet sieving method using Yoder device to determine soil aggregate size distributions. Measures water-stable aggregates across multiple si...
Systematic characterization of alluvial sediment physical properties through grain size analysis and bulk density measurements to derive hydraulic con...
Dissolved sulfide concentration determined by reacting H2S with N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine under acidic conditions to form methylene blue.
Soil samples extracted into exchangeable, apatite, and silicate pools using different chemical solutions to isolate nutrient sources.
Measurement of radiocarbon content in bulk sediments and density fractions using accelerator mass spectrometry after acid fumigation pretreatment to r...
Bayesian framework using Markov-chain Monte Carlo to infer groundwater residence time distributions from environmental tracer observations while quant...
Anaerobic incubation of hyporheic sediments with artificial river water for 57 days to study kinetics of Fe(II), Mn(II), DOC and nitrate. Conducted in...
Samples filtered through 0.22 μm Sterivex filters with housings made of Eastar co-polyester.
Coupled integrated hydrologic and particle tracking modeling approach that simulates groundwater flow using ParFlow-CLM and age distributions using Ec...
Weekly collection of snowmelt at five locations using modified version of Kormos (2005) method, beginning April 1 until full melt achieved.
Sulfur K-edge X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure spectroscopy was used to determine sulfur speciation in solid samples including bedrock, soils, and...
Collection of dissolved noble gases from groundwater wells using copper tubes with down-hole pumps and back-pressure valves to prevent degassing durin...
Application of uniform temperature increases to historical climate sequences to assess hydrological response to warming. Seasonal warming scenarios ap...
Deionized water extraction of sediments following Gregorich and Carter (2007) to measure dissolved nutrients and organic carbon. Designed to minimize ...
Large number of groundwater manipulation and biostimulation experiments conducted primarily in plot C study area.
Laboratory method for sample preparation and analysis.
Gas samples were collected with a peristaltic pump from pre-installed lysimeters and stored in pre-evacuated serum bottles.
Water samples filtered in field using 0.2 micron filter into 50 ml falcon tubes and shipped on ice for analysis.
Drilling of boreholes in 2017 and 2018 and completion as vertically discrete nested monitoring wells and single monitoring wells. Includes well constr...
Extraction of iron and manganese from sediments using 0.5 N HCl with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in anaerobic conditions, followed by ICP-AES analysis...
Correlation of daily flows with USGS stream gauge data and linear interpolation for ice-covered periods.
Laboratory analysis to determine total dissolved solids concentration in water samples through evaporation technique.
Climate forcing using minimum and maximum daily temperature lapse rates defined by Snow Telemetry stations adjusted for aspect.
Regression analysis applied to simulated water table declines across nested catchments to identify relationships between topographic characteristics, ...
Combined use of major ion chemistry and Sr isotope signatures to identify distinct groundwater end members and quantify their contributions to stream ...
Processing of sediment samples in anaerobic chamber with nitrogen-hydrogen gas mixture to preserve field conditions.
Single-packer apparatus testing with in-line flow meter and interval pressure monitoring during drilling advancement.
Water level elevations obtained using barometric pressure from pressure transducers in wells, combined with TOC elevation and depth measurements.
A methodology using random forest algorithms to fill missing values in sub-hourly groundwater monitoring data with entropy-based uncertainty quantific...
Frequent collection and ICP-MS analysis of river water samples to detect thorium concentration excursions as indicators of bedrock fracture processes....
Examination of collected substrates to evaluate particle loading, morphology, and spatial distribution.
Discharge data collected at the East River in the Upper Colorado River Basin for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Watershed Function Scient...
Discharge data collected at the East River in the Upper Colorado River Basin for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Watershed Function Scient...
Data tables used in Arora et al. 2016b Influence of hydrological, biogeochemical and temperature transients on subsurface carbon fluxes in a flood pla...
The files included in this data package provide site wide water level data, geochemical data, and borehole information associated with the Rifle site ...
This data package contains input files and simulation results for a two-dimensional (2D) reactive transport model used to quantitatively analyze the c...
This dataset includes geoelectrical monitoring data acquired between October 2021 and November 2022, soil moisture and temperature data, groundwater d...
The Watershed Function Science Focus Area (WF SFA) at Lawrence Berkeley National Lab is working to build a mechanistic understanding of the distributi...
The anion data for the East River Watershed, Colorado, consists of fluoride, chloride, sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate concentrations collected at mul...
The data package contains model input files and executables for the East River, Colorado (750 km2) located in the headwaters of the Upper Colorado Riv...
The radon isotope and stable water isotope data for Coal Creek Watershed, Colorado, consists of d2H, d18O, and 222Rn values from samples collected at ...
Hyporheic zones act as critical ecological links between terrestrial and aquatic systems where redox-sensitive metals of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) ...
Depth-resolved pore water samples were recovered from 3 locations around Meander A in the East River near Crested Butte, CO, USA for a suite of physio...
This dataset includes Quality Assessed and Quality Controlled (QA/QC) meteorological data from the Billy Bar field site in the East River Watershed,...
This dataset includes sulfur x-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) data collected on solid samples as a part of the Watershed Function Scien...
This data package contains hydrologic modeling input and output files for the East River (ER_PRMS.zip) and Copper Creek (CC_GSFLOW.zip) for water year...
This dataset includes characterization data collected on sediment samples from Meander C as part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (SFA)...
This dataset includes groundwater geochemistry data from floodplain piezometers collected as a part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (S...
This dataset contains snow water, precipitation, and discharge data collected from the East River watershed. This provides insight as to how the water...
This dataset is a gap-filled meteorological dataset (years 2011-2020) that includes modeled potential evapotranspiration from a station near the pumph...
Additional file 2: Supplementary Table 1. Description of the 46 IMG metagenomes and 43 metatranscriptomes (related to Fig. 1A). Supplementary Table 2....
This dataset includes groundwater geochemistry data from floodplain piezometers collected as a part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (S...
In July-August 2018, we collected 88 filtered pore water samples at 20 cm depth and analyzed them for anions, cations, dissolved organic carbon, disso...
This dataset includes groundwater geochemistry data from floodplain piezometers collected as a part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (S...
This repository contains the data and code associated with the paper titled "Warming and snow loss increase reliance on old groundwater in a Colorado ...
Data tables used in Christensen et al. 2018 Using strontium isotopes to evaluate the spatial variation of groundwater recharge, Science of The Total E...
The U.S. Geological Survey, along with scientists from Rutgers University, collected water chemistry, electromagnetic, redox-potential, dissolved oxyg...
This file includes the data published in: Malenda, H.F., Sutfin, N.A., Stauffer, S., Guryan. G., Rowland, J.C., Williams, K.H., and Singha, K. (2019)....
This data package contains the model inputs and outputs used in "The Effects of Spatial and Temporal Resolution of Gridded Meteorological Forcing on W...
The stable water isotope data for the East River Watershed, Colorado, consists of delta2H (hydrogen) and delta18O (oxygen) values from samples collect...
Redox gradients, often driven by changes in sediment moisture levels in porous, heterogeneous groundwater systems, create dynamic conditions that may ...
The data package contains model input and output file for the East River watershed (85 km2) located in the headwaters of the Colorado River. The model...
Groundwater residence times provide fundamental descriptions of hydrologic dynamics and mixing processes in mountainous watersheds. Yet, few observati...
Performed Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) analysis of measured groundwater levels in monitoring wells PLM-1 and PLM-6, including identif...
This dataset contains a collection of machine learning assisted gap-filled discharge data created for all discharge stations across the East River Wat...
A comprehensive Quality Assurance (QA) and Quality Control (QC) statistical framework consists of three major phases: Phase 1—Preliminary raw data set...
Stable water isotopes (d18O, d2H and d-excess) are important tracers in hydrologic research to understand water partitioning between vegetation, groun...
This data package contains East River, Colorado stream discharge and temperature data for water years 2019 to 2020. This data were collected to unders...
The timing of snowmelt is a critical cue for the initiation of growth in mountain meadow ecosystems and can also impact the duration and magnitude of ...
<p>Leaf area, wet, and dry weights for leaf samples from sites where field sampling was conducted during the 2018 National Ecological Observatory Netw...
The geochemistry and strontium isotope data for Coal Creek Watershed, Colorado, consists of cation, anion, and 87Sr/87Sr isotope values from samples c...
This dataset includes groundwater geochemistry data from floodplain piezometers collected as a part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (S...
This data package contains surface water chemistry measurements collected in 2025 to evaluate how beaver damming and low-tech process-based stream res...
This dataset is generated using the ATS (Advanced Terrestrial Simulator) model at Copper Creek, Colorado, the largest catchment in the East River wate...
Here we share the data in column format via csv files for pH, redox, and dissolved oxygen collected at hourly resolution from microelectrodes. Dissolv...
This groundwater level elevation and temperature data package is aimed at improving the predictive understanding of hydro-biogeochemical processes at ...
Hyporheic zones act as critical ecological links between terrestrial and aquatic systems where redox-sensitive metals of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) ...
The purpose of this dataset was to sample surface water and groundwater geochemistry at random locations in the East River, Colorado to provide a broa...
A regression-based analysis quantifies how basin characteristics modulate the snow-to-streamflow signal. First, we use the ERA5-Land reanalysis gridde...
The purpose of this package is to monitor energy and water fluxes using a comprehensive set of sensors integrated on a tripod set up at 4 locations ...
The timing of snowmelt in mountain systems is a main driver of vegetation phenology and production, as well as recharge of soil moisture and ground wa...
This dataset includes groundwater geochemistry data from floodplain piezometers collected as a part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (S...
The data package contains model input and output file for the East River watershed (85 km2) located in the headwaters of the Colorado River. The model...
Hyporheic zones act as critical ecological links between terrestrial and aquatic systems where redox-sensitive metals of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) ...
The WHONDRS Summer 2019 Sampling (S19S) Campaign collected samples in 97 globally distributed river corridor systems between July and September 2019. ...
This dataset provides gridded meteorological forcing data (specifically, daily precipitation and daily mean air temperature). The dataset has been gen...
This data package contains mean values for cation concentration for water samples taken from the East River Watershed in Colorado. Inductively coupled...
The partitioning of water inputs between deep and shallow groundwater flow paths is a fundamental processes, yet is challenging to observe. Numerical ...
Locations: Coal Creek, which serves as the drinking water source for the town of Crested Butte, CO, receives both acid mine and acid rock drainage as ...
This dataset includes bulk X-ray diffraction data from floodplain sediments collected as a part of the Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (SFA) ...
This data package includes data and scripts from the manuscript “Denoising autoencoder for reconstructing sensor observation data and predicting evapo...
LOCATION: Coal Creek is a high-elevation, headwater tributary to the Upper Colorado Basin located in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Coal Creek is also ...
This dataset is comprised of temporal variations in groundwater elevation data for the 24 monitoring wells located throughout the East River watershed...
This data package includes processed and undiluted measurements for metal, total carbon, total nitrogen, and anion concentrations from pore water (gro...
This dataset (Williams et al., 2020) contains the original un-QA/QC-ed water level data for PLM1 and PLM6 and has been obsoleted. The data contained w...
The Data Package includes a set of csv files of input meteorological parameters for locations of 17 meteorological stations within the East River wate...
The data package contains model input files and executables for the East River, Colorado (750 km2) located in the headwaters of the Upper Colorado Riv...
HBV Input Files and Climate & Catchment Characteristic Tables Abstract The importance of subsurface water dynamics, such as water storage and flow pa...
Stable water isotopes (d18O, d2H and d-excess) are important tracers in hydrologic research to understand water partitioning between vegetation, groun...
This groundwater level elevation and temperature data package is aimed at improving the predictive understanding of hydro-biogeochemical processes at ...
LOCATION: Coal Creek is a high-elevation, headwater tributary to the Upper Colorado Basin located in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Coal Creek is also ...
Boreholes were drilled in 2017 and 2018 in Redwell Basin, a headwater catchment underlain by hydrothermally altered sedimentary rock in the Elk Mounta...
This data package provides data on the natural abundance isotopes of nitrate from various sources, including porewater, stream, and precipitation. The...
This dataset includes sediment geochemical characterization data from floodplain sediments collected as a part of the Watershed Function Scientific Fo...
As part of their Watershed Function Scientific Focus Area (SFA), Berkeley Lab and its collaborating institutions (e.g., USGS) have established a "Comm...
This data release documents seismic data collected immediately adjacent to beaver ponds and in their surrounding floodplain environments using active ...
Boreholes were drilled in 2017 and 2018 in Redwell Basin, a headwater catchment underlain by mineralized and hydrothermally altered sedimentary rock i...
This dataset contains environmental tracer data from surface water and groundwater samples collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in Redwell Basin, a...
The files included in this data package provide site wide water level data, geochemical data, and borehole information associated with the Rifle site ...
The files included in this data package provide site wide water level data, geochemical data, and borehole information associated with the Rifle site ...
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of ...
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of ...
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of ...
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of ...
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of ...
The U.S. Geological Survey collected low-altitude (typically 200-350 ft als) airborne thermal infrared, multispectral, and visual imagery data via a m...
Atmospheric nitrous oxide contributes directly to global warming, yet models of the nitrogen cycle do not account for bedrock, the largest pool of ...
This data package includes a time-series of field measurements from March to October 2021 in groundwater and surface water from the Slate River floodp...
This dataset includes observations of plant phenology at five locations along an elevation gradient in Crested Butte, Colorado. Observations occurred ...
This data package contains integrated hydrological model input and output files for Copper Creek, Colorado (24 km2), a tributary of the East River loc...
The following datasets were QA/QC-ed (Quality Assurance/Quality Control): 1. Brush Creek Confluence (BCC) discharge data (from Helen Malenda, USGS, Co...
This report contains details of the National Ecological Observatory Network Airborne Observation Platform (NEON AOP) assignable asset (AA) flight over...
This data package comprises analytical results and metadata from stream and groundwater samples collected from the Slate River, East River, Trail Cree...
Coal Creek (CC) is a high-elevation, headwater tributary to the Upper Colorado Basin located in the Ruby-Anthracite Range in the central Colorado Rock...
Are mature forests carbon limited? To explore this question, we exposed ca. 110-year-old, 40-m tall Picea abies trees to a 550-ppm CO2 concentration i...
This dataset includes the models used in the journal article entitled, "Parameter Estimation for Models of Major Rainfall Induced Floods in Ungauged M...
A coupled hydrologic and snowpack stable water isotope model is used to assesses controls on isotopic inputs across the East River, Colorado, a large,...
High-elevation mountain regions, central to global freshwater supply, are experiencing more rapid warming than low-elevation locations. High-elevation...
Discharge data collected at the East River in the Upper Colorado River Basin for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Watershed Function Scient...
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of ...
Discharge data collected at the East River in the Upper Colorado River Basin for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Watershed Function Scient...
This dataset includes groundwater and river water elevations and temperature data collected in the East River watershed located in the Upper Colorado ...
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of ...
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of ...
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of ...
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of ...
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of ...
This data package comprises analytical results and metadata from stream and groundwater samples collected from the Slate River, East River, Trail Cree...
This data package comprises analytical results and metadata from stream and groundwater samples collected from the Slate River, East River, Trail Cree...
This data package contains hydrologic modeling input and output files for the East River (ER_PRMS.zip) and Copper Creek (CC_GSFLOW.zip) for water year...
This data package comprises analytical results and metadata from stream and groundwater samples collected from the Slate River, East River, Trail Cree...
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of ...
The data package contains model input and output file for the East River watershed (85 km2) located in the headwaters of the Colorado River. The model...
Temperature and precipitation variability in response to climate change affects water cycling of watersheds and can potentially impact water quality, ...
The purpose of the data package is to present the results of calculations of the following unsaturated-saturated hydraulic parameters of soils of the ...
We used entropy and wavelet techniques to identify temporal variability in geochemical constituents and their controls along three transects within a ...
This data package includes a time series of water level and temperature measurements from October 2018 to December 2021 in groundwater and surface wat...
The data set includes temperature data from the base of the water column along the sediment interface of the East River near Crested Butte Colorado, U...
This data package contains mean values for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) for water samples taken from the East R...
Heat was used as a tracer to quantify seasonal changes in vertical Darcy velocity through the streambed at three different locations about Meander A o...
The data package contains model input and output file for the East River watershed (85 km2) located in the headwaters of the Colorado River. The model...
Four boreholes (MW1, MW1UZ, MW2, MW2.1) were drilled in the fall of 2017 and summer of 2018 in upper Redwell Basin, a headwater catchment underlain by...
This data package was generated in order to support the development of a deep-time weathering model and to assess the coupling between shale weatherin...
This data package was generated in order to support the development of a deep-time weathering model and to assess the coupling between shale weatherin...
The depth of floodplain fine sediment was measured at 1,601 points along the East River near Crested Butte, Colorado spanning a study reach approximat...
White feldspar clay was placed along 24 transects defining a ~9-km long study reach along the meandering snowmelt-dominated East River in Colorado, US...
This data package contains mapped trait estimates and their uncertainties, and conifer map, for the National Ecological Observatory Network's Airborne...
This package contains all reactive transport simulation outputs used in "Modeling the impact of riparian hollows on river corridor nitrogen exports" (...
This data package contains mean values for total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and ammonia concentrations for water samples taken from the East River Water...
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) collected near-surface point-measurements of soil temperature (file variable TDR_T(C)), volumetric water ...
Groundwater contributions to streams, or baseflow, represents a mix of numerous flow paths through the subsurface of varying ages that are important t...
Although bedrock weathering strongly influences water quality and global carbon and nitrogen budgets, the weathering depths and rates within subsurfac...
This data package is part of the Watershed Function SFA data collection and contains geochemical characterization of sediments as a function of depth ...
This dataset supports the broader Watershed Rules of Life (WROL) study examining spatial and temporal biogeochemical and microbial relationships acros...
This data package includes processed and undiluted measurements for metal, sulfur and organic carbon concentrations from pore water (groundwater) samp...
This dataset (Williams et al., 2020) contains the original un-QA/QC-ed water level data for PLM1 and PLM6 and has been obsoleted. The data contained w...
This dataset (Williams et al., 2020) contains the original un-QA/QC-ed water level data for PLM1 and PLM6 and has been obsoleted. The data contained w...
This dataset (Williams et al., 2020) contains the original un-QA/QC-ed water level data for PLM1 and PLM6 and has been obsoleted. The data contained w...
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of ...
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of ...
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of ...
Surface and pore water samples were collected from distributed locations around Meander A in East River (Crested Butte, CO, USA) during the summer of ...
This data package contains hydrologic modeling input and output files for the East River (ER_PRMS.zip) and Copper Creek (CC_GSFLOW.zip) for water year...
This data set contains water level data for the PLM1 and PLM6 wells. PLM1 and PLM6 are location identifiers used by the Watershed Function SFA project...
This data set contains water level data for the PLM1 and PLM6 wells. PLM1 and PLM6 are location identifiers used by the Watershed Function SFA project...
This data package contains hydrologic modeling input and output files for the East River (ER_PRMS.zip) and Copper Creek (CC_GSFLOW.zip) for water year...
This dataset captures the difference in concentration over the difference in discharge across upper and lower reaches of the East River watershed for ...
Streamflow and water-quality data collected at the TOMICHI CREEK AT GUNNISON, CO go to: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5ebeffb082ce476925e66...
Streamflow and water-quality data collected at the TOMICHI CREEK AT GUNNISON, CO go to: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/655d2063d34ee4b6e05cc...
Streamflow and water-quality data collected at the TOMICHI CREEK AT GUNNISON, CO go to: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/62d86d7ed34e2842e1ed4...
Streamflow and water-quality data collected at the GUNNISON RIVER NEAR GUNNISON, CO go to: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/655d2063d34ee4b6e0...
This U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) data release provides whole rock major, minor, and trace element geochemical data from the fluorine-rich Mount Emmo...
This folder contains scripts and datasets used in the manuscript titled " HydroMix v1.0: a new Bayesian mixing framework for attributing uncertain hyd...
This U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) data release contains data that allows for calculation of total dissolved-solid loads for high-flow and baseflow co...
This U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) data release contains data that allows for calculation of total dissolved-solid loads for high-flow and baseflow co...
This dataset captures the difference in concentration over the difference in discharge across upper and lower reaches of the East River watershed for ...
This updated dataset explores the relationship between species richness (i.e., compound metrics) and watershed characteristics using various environme...
Discharge data collected at the East River in the Upper Colorado River Basin for the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's Watershed Function Scient...
This dataset (Williams et al., 2020) contains the original un-QA/QC-ed water level data for PLM1 and PLM6 and has been obsoleted. The data contained w...
This dataset involves analysis of sediment samples collected in the East River watershed and Rifle floodplain sites, CO. Samples were collected and an...
This point dataset contains water-level information concerning depth to water, potentiometric-surface altitude, and saturated thickness for the shallo...
This child item contains bathymetric measurements of the channel geometry suitable for use in computing cross-sectional area for each field site. Each...
To understand how redox processes influence carbon, nitrogen, and iron cycling within the intrameander hyporheic zone, we developed a biotic and abiot...
This U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) data release contains data from stream water, groundwater, and stream sediment samples collected in August 2023 in ...
This dataset contains depth-resolved soil environmental variables collected between June 2016 and October 2018 from the Bradley Meadow site in the Eas...
Salinity levels in streams and tributaries of the Colorado River Basin have been a major concern for years. Recently, the United States Geological Sur...
This file contains data used to calculate subsurface flow and transport at the Pumphouse Lower Montane (PLM) hillslope transect. Information includes ...
Streamflow and water-quality data collected at the EAST RIVER BELOW CEMENT CREEK NR CRESTED BUTTE, CO go to: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/...
Streamflow and water-quality data collected at the EAST RIVER BELOW CEMENT CREEK NR CRESTED BUTTE, CO go to: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/...
This U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) data release contains strontium isotopic data from water and rock samples collected between 2000 and 2019 from the ...
This dataset is from an ongoing global survey of surface water metabolites to provide understanding of the character of organic matter that may be del...
This data package provides data on the natural abundance isotopes of nitrate from various sources, including porewater, stream, and precipitation. The...
This data package contains hydrologic modeling input and output files for the East River (ER_PRMS.zip) and Copper Creek (CC_GSFLOW.zip) for water year...
The data package contains model input and output file for the East River watershed (85 km2) located in the headwaters of the Colorado River. The model...
This data package provides data on the natural abundance isotopes of nitrate from various sources, including porewater, stream, and precipitation. The...
This dataset captures the difference in concentration over the difference in discharge across upper and lower reaches of the East River watershed for ...
This dataset (Williams et al., 2020) contains the original un-QA/QC-ed water level data for PLM1 and PLM6 and has been obsoleted. The data contained w...
Coal Creek (CC) is a high-elevation, headwater tributary to the Upper Colorado Basin located in the Ruby-Anthracite Range in the central Colorado Rock...
Streamflow and water-quality data collected at the OHIO CREEK ABOVE MOUTH NR GUNNISON, CO go to: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/62d86d7ed34e...
This child item contains the raw acoustic Doppler velocity profiler (ADCP) measurements collected by U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) hydrographers at ea...
Streamflow and water-quality data collected at the GUNNISON RIVER NEAR GUNNISON, CO go to: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/62d86d7ed34e2842e1...
Streamflow and water-quality data collected at the GUNNISON RIVER NEAR GUNNISON, CO go to: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5ebeffb082ce476925...
This data package contains sample collection metadata for soil cores from the East River Watershed in Colorado used in biogeochemical analyses by the ...
Streamflow and water-quality data collected at the OHIO CREEK ABOVE MOUTH NR GUNNISON, CO go to: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/5ebeffb082ce...
Streamflow and water-quality data collected at the OHIO CREEK ABOVE MOUTH NR GUNNISON, CO go to: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/655d2063d34e...
Streamflow and water-quality data collected at the EAST RIVER BELOW CEMENT CREEK NR CRESTED BUTTE, CO go to: https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/...
The data package consolidates water year 2016 stream, rain, snow and groundwater data used by Carroll et al. (2018) for end-member mixing analysis to ...
This data package contains discharge and water quality data and model results at Coal Creek Watershed in the central Rocky Mountains of Colorado, USA....
Upper East sub-basins are delineated as area contributing flow to SFA 2016 stream gage locations. Shapefile attributes include sub-basin ID, name, are...
The Candy Lane 1 (CL-1) core was acquired in November 2005 as part of a multidisciplinary effort by the U.S. Geological Survey, the Bureau of Land Man...
This child item contains bathymetric measurements of the channel geometry suitable for use in computing cross-sectional area for each field site. Each...
Locations: Coal Creek, which serves as the drinking water source for the town of Crested Butte, CO, receives both acid mine and acid rock drainage as ...
This dataset contains sample collection details, analytical measurements of carbon content, and estimated petrogenic carbon contents of soil samples a...
Coal Creek (CC) is a high-elevation, headwater tributary to the Upper Colorado Basin located in the Ruby-Anthracite Range in the central Colorado Rock...
*This resource is embargoed until fall 2022. Please stay tuned or contactczdata@colorado.edu for more information. Spring and stream sampling across ...
*This resource is embargoed until fall 2022. Please stay tuned or contactczdata@colorado.edu for more information. Spring and stream sampling across ...
Saccardi and Winnick Data contains the East River sample data including chemistry and corrected pCO2 data (n=162) with the included column denoting wh...
We’re proud to release our fifth State of Open Data report and feel inspired and encouraged that most open data trends are heading in the right direct...
This demonstration presents Spin, a Docker-based, on-premise cloud platform at NERSC that enables researchers to design, build, and manage their own s...
*This resource is embargoed until fall 2022. Please stay tuned or contactczdata@colorado.edu for more information. Spring and stream sampling across ...
Upper East sub-basins are delineated as area contributing flow to SFA 2016 stream gage locations. Shapefile attributes include sub-basin ID, name, are...
This USGS data release consists of the synthetic stream network and associated catchments used to develop spatially referenced regressions on watershe...
Guidelines for developing citations for Earth and environmental science data generated by the Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP; www.esipfed.or...