Concepts

Limitations on activity imposed by temperature and radiation conditions

The role of atmospheric aerosols in cloud formation and precipitation by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice-nucleating particles (INPs)

Physical processes affecting snow particle formation, growth, and characteristics including aggregation, riming, sublimation, and fragmentation

Heat transfer through soil via molecular conduction

Large-scale atmospheric weather patterns that influence regional temperature and precipitation distributions

Transfer of sensible and latent heat between surface and atmosphere via turbulent mixing