Waiting on a mule deer crossing…
Combines intensive field campaigns, remote sensing, and atmospheric flux measurements to understand how snowpack, evapotranspiration, and surface energy dynamics control water availability across the upper Colorado River Basin.
The Upper Colorado River begins as snow in the high peaks above Gothic, Colorado, and the fate of that snow determines the water supply for roughly 40 million people downstream. Mountain hydrology — the science of how precipitation moves from clouds, through snowpack, into soils, and finally into rivers — is unusually complex because the atmosphere, land surface, and bedrock interact across steep elevation gradients. Small changes in temperature, dust, or cloud cover can shift the timing and total volume of streamflow by large amounts. Research at and around the East River Watershed (ERW) near RMBL has become a national focal point for understanding these connections, because the basin combines representative Rocky Mountain conditions with an unusually dense network of instruments.
To follow the findings below, a few core ideas are useful. Snow water equivalent (SWE) is the depth of water you would get if you melted the snowpack in place — it is the currency of mountain water supply. Sublimation is the direct transition of snow from solid to water vapor, a loss that bypasses streams entirely and can remove a large fraction of winter snowfall. Surface albedo is the fraction of sunlight reflected by the ground; fresh snow reflects 80–90% of incoming sunlight, while bare or dusty surfaces reflect much less, accelerating melt through a snow albedo feedback. Evapotranspiration combines evaporation from soils and transpiration from plants, and it grows with warmer, sunnier conditions. A streamflow deficit is the gap between the river flow you would expect from a given snowpack and what actually appears.
The atmosphere above the snow matters just as much as the snow itself. Cloud Radiative Forcing (CRF) describes how clouds change the energy reaching the surface — warming it in winter by trapping outgoing heat, but cooling it in summer by blocking sunlight. Aerosol-cloud interactions refer to how tiny airborne particles seed cloud droplets and ice crystals, controlling whether and where precipitation falls. The North American Monsoon delivers summer rain to the southern Rockies in July–September. Finally, mountain valleys generate their own weather: cold-air drainage pools cold air in valley bottoms at night, while thermally driven upvalley winds carry moisture and heat during the day. These processes together set the surface energy balance that drives snowmelt and streamflow.
Recognition that the Colorado River is the defining water resource of the American Southwest dates back at least to the mid-twentieth century (Morris, 1947). For most of the following decades, however, mountain hydrology relied on sparse point measurements — primarily SNOTEL stations — that could not resolve the steep gradients in precipitation, temperature, and snowpack across complex terrain. A foundational shift began when community and academic networks started filling those gaps. The Roaring Fork monitoring network, for example, established a long-term, publicly available record of soil moisture, temperature, and snow along an elevation gradient from 1,800 to 3,680 m, demonstrating that community-supported observations could produce research-grade data for climate adaptation and resource management .
Fresh weight minus dry weight divided by dry weight
Duration that snowpack remains on the ground providing water inputs to trees
The combined process of water evaporation from soil and plant surfaces and water transpiration from plant leaves, representing a major component of th...
Limitations on activity imposed by temperature and radiation conditions
Proportion of area covered by snow
Variations in aerosol concentrations and properties across both spatial scales and temporal scales
Integration of ground-based GPR, manual measurements, and airborne sensors for comprehensive snow property mapping. Combines high-precision point meas...
Comprehensive deployment of precipitation, atmospheric, and surface energy budget sensors across elevation and topographic gradients in complex terrai...
Continuous measurements of surface energy budget, momentum flux, meteorology and soil properties using an atmospheric surface flux station. Data colle...
Small uncrewed aircraft systems equipped with pyranometers, multispectral cameras, and radiometers to map spatial variability in surface albedo, veget...
Novel framework using collocated slanted W-band and vertical Ka-band radars to isolate microphysical processes within turbulent layers by comparing ra...
Continuous hourly monitoring of meteorological variables including wind, temperature, humidity, snowpack depth, and radiation components using tower-m...
News article. Covers Washington, D.C., Pueblo Mall, North Carolina. Topics: drought, water restrictions, global warming, hydrologic cycle. Agencies: N...
News article (2000). Covers Great Lakes, New York, Minnesota. Topics: evaporation, precipitation, water levels. Agencies: National Oceanic Atmospheric...
Raw (Level 1) measurements from the Atmospheric Surface Flux Station #50 (ASFS-50) deployed at the Avery Picnic site (38°58.3455' N, 106°59.8113' W) d...
Raw (Level 1) measurements from the Atmospheric Surface Flux Station #30 (ASFS-30) deployed at the Kettle Ponds Annex site (38°56.3686' N, 106°58.1781...
This dataset contains uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) high-resolution data of soil moisture at the 0-5 cm soil depth, normalized difference vegetation...
This dataset contains daily files with thermodynamic profiles retrieved with the optimal estimation physical retrieval TROPoe (TROPoe, Turner and Löhn...
This dataset contains measurements from a hand-held FieldScout TDR Soil Moisture Meter within the 0-10 cm soil depth of: Time (UTC), GPS locations, El...
Paleoclimate modeling provided complementary foundations by showing that the regional precipitation system has responded sensitively to past climate forcings. Simulations of the Last Interglacial period revealed that monsoon precipitation in the southwestern United States shifts in spatially complex ways under altered radiative conditions, with some regions wetter and others drier — a reminder that warming need not produce uniform changes in mountain water supply (Insel & Berkelhammer, 2021).
The most consequential recent finding is that Upper Colorado River streamflow has dropped 19% since 2000, and the loss is driven largely by spring weather rather than winter snowpack alone. Spring precipitation declined 14% across 26 headwater basins, but that decline alone does not explain the streamflow deficit. Reduced cloud cover increased available energy, and earlier snow disappearance lowered surface albedo, together raising evapotranspiration by up to 10%. Combined, these spring effects explained 67% of the variance in post-2000 streamflow deficits, with the biggest losses in lower-elevation basins below 2,950 m (Hogan & Lundquist, 2024). Sublimation compounds the problem: detailed flux-tower and lidar measurements in the East River show that sublimation can remove between 10% and 90% of snowfall, with blowing snow, stable boundary layers, and changing albedo all controlling the loss (Lundquist et al., 2024).
The atmosphere above the snow plays a larger role than previously appreciated. Over a 21-month record in the Upper Colorado River Basin, clouds produced a net warming effect at the surface during winter (monthly mean CRF up to +34.7 W m⁻²) when snow albedo was high and the atmosphere was dry, but switched to strong cooling (down to −47.6 W m⁻²) once snow receded and the monsoon arrived. Dust on melting snow briefly flipped the sign of CRF even in winter, illustrating how tightly clouds, snow, and aerosols are coupled (Rudisill et al., 2025). High-resolution regional climate modeling of the basin shows that convection-permitting simulations can reproduce cool-season precipitation with low bias (~0.25%) against SNOTEL gauges, but warm-season biases are larger (~10%), pointing to monsoon convection as a continuing modeling challenge (Rudisill et al., 2023). Cloud microphysics matter too: the choice of snowfall microphysics scheme changes total simulated precipitation by ±3% basin-wide and up to 15% locally (Rudisill et al., 2024).
Local terrain reshapes these basin-scale signals. Temperature variability across the East River watershed cannot be captured by a simple lapse rate — linear models perform poorly (median R² below 0.5), and three patterns dominate: overall warming aloft, nighttime cold-air pooling in valleys, and aspect-driven diurnal heating (Cramblitt, 2024). Time-lapse imagery from 2024 and 2025 documented a melt season that began and ended nearly two weeks earlier in 2025, with snow patchiness peaking when fractional snow cover area was between 50% and 70%, and vegetation greenup following the retreating snow line (Elovitz, 2025).
With only two publications from before 2000 in this neighborhood and 23 since 2020, the field has been transformed by two recent field campaigns centered on the East River. The Surface Atmosphere Integrated Field Laboratory (SAIL) deployed an atmospheric observatory from 2021–2023 to measure precipitation, clouds, aerosols, radiation, and winds simultaneously, designed explicitly to address the mismatch between snowpack and streamflow in the Upper Colorado (Feldman et al., 2023). In parallel, the Study of Precipitation, the Lower Atmosphere, and Surface for Hydrometeorology (SPLASH) added surface flux stations, airborne platforms, and remote sensors targeting the precipitation-to-streamflow transition (de Boer et al., 2023). Recent SPLASH releases now provide a continuous two-year record of surface energy fluxes and meteorology at high elevation (Cox et al., 2025).
Research since 2024 is leveraging these datasets to ask sharper process-level questions. New work characterizes the surprisingly short daily life of upvalley winds, which often reverse by midmorning during the warm season (Adler et al., 2025), and quantifies aerosol spatial variability across complex terrain using the SAIL-Net distributed sensor network (Gibson et al., 2025). Long-term ice-nucleating particle records now span multiple ARM sites worldwide (Creamean et al., 2025), and harmonized aerosol property datasets enable cross-site comparison (Andrews et al., 2025). Advanced radar techniques are beginning to resolve individual snow growth processes inside clouds, including riming and dendritic growth, in real time (Kotsche et al., 2025); (Kotsche et al., 2026). Satellite-based methods to monitor snow and forest temperature at sub-hourly resolution are also maturing (Pestana et al., 2024).
The central unsolved problem is why streamflow is declining faster than snowpack, and how much further it will fall. We still do not know how to forecast spring precipitation and cloud cover with the skill needed for water management, how sublimation and evapotranspiration losses will evolve as the climate warms and the atmosphere dries, or how dust deposition will continue to reshape snowmelt timing. The role of aerosols in seeding mountain clouds remains poorly quantified at the basin scale, and warm-season monsoon precipitation continues to defy accurate simulation. Bridging the seconds-to-seasons range of SAIL and SPLASH observations into operational forecasts — and extending the network to capture year-to-year variability beyond the 2021–2023 campaign window — is the most promising direction for the next decade.
Adler et al. (2025). The short life of upvalley wind in a high-altitude valley in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. →
Andrews et al. (2025). Harmonized aerosol size distribution, cloud condensation nuclei, chemistry and optical properties at 10 sites. Scientific Data. →
Cox et al. (2025). Observations of surface energy fluxes and meteorology in the seasonally snow-covered high-elevation East River watershed during SPLASH, 2021–2023. Earth System Science Data. →
Cramblitt (2024). Surface Temperature Variability Across the East River Watershed. →
Creamean et al. (2025). Long-term measurements of ice nucleating particles at Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) sites worldwide. Earth System Science Data. →
de Boer et al. (2023). Supporting advancement in weather and water prediction in the upper Colorado River Basin: The SPLASH campaign. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. →
Elovitz (2025). Using time-lapse imagery to determine snow heterogeneity. →
Feldman et al. (2023). The Surface Atmosphere Integrated Field Laboratory (SAIL) Campaign. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. →
Gibson et al. (2025). Measurement report: An investigation of the spatiotemporal variability in aerosols in the mountainous terrain of the upper Colorado River basin using SAIL-Net. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. →
Hogan, Lundquist (2024). Recent Upper Colorado River Streamflow Declines Driven by Loss of Spring Precipitation. Geophysical Research Letters. →
Insel, Berkelhammer (2021). The influence of orbital parameters on the North American Monsoon system during the Last Interglacial Period. Journal of Quaternary Science. →
Kotsche et al. (2025). Investigating KDP signatures inside and below the dendritic growth layer with W-band Doppler radar and in situ snowfall camera. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. →
Kotsche et al. (2026). Snow microphysical processes in orographic turbulence revealed by cloud radar and in situ snowfall camera observations. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. →
Lundquist et al. (2024). Sublimation of Snow. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. →
Morris (1947). The Colorado River—The Southwest's Greatest Natural Resource. Journal AWWA. →
Osenga, Vano, Arnott (2021). A community-supported weather and soil moisture monitoring database of the Roaring Fork catchment of the Colorado River Headwaters. Hydrological Processes. →
Pestana, Lundquist, Raleigh (2024). Thermal infrared shadow-hiding in GOES-R ABI imagery: snow and forest temperature observations from the SnowEx 2020 Grand Mesa field campaign. The Cryosphere. →
Rudisill et al. (2024). Cold-season precipitation sensitivity to microphysical parameterizations: hydrologic evaluations leveraging snow lidar datasets. Journal of Hydrometeorology. →
Rudisill et al. (2025). Seasonality and albedo dependence of cloud radiative forcing in the Upper Colorado River Basin. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. →
Rudisill, Rhoades, Xu (2023). Evaluating 3 decades of precipitation in the Upper Colorado River basin from a high-resolution regional climate model. Geoscientific Model Development. →
Light absorption and reflection properties of tissues that vary with chemical composition and structure
The fraction of solar radiation reflected by the surface, with snow-covered surfaces having high albedo (0.8) and snow-free surfaces having lower valu...
Statistical distribution describing the number concentration of particles as a function of their size
The lowest part of the atmosphere directly influenced by the Earth's surface
Variation in soil moisture conditions creating distinct dry and wet meadow habitat types
The role of atmospheric aerosols in cloud formation and precipitation by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice-nucleating particles (INPs)
The ratio of streamflow produced per unit of monsoon precipitation input compared to other seasonal water sources
The balance of vertical radiative, conductive, and turbulent energy transfer across the infinitely thin plane of the surface
Physical processes affecting snow particle formation, growth, and characteristics including aggregation, riming, sublimation, and fragmentation
The accuracy of predicted values using root mean square error to assess model performance
The difference between net radiation flux at the surface under all-sky and clear-sky conditions, accounting for both downwelling and upwelling radiati...
Transfer of sensible and latent heat between surface and atmosphere via turbulent mixing
Daily activity patterns and rhythms in organism behavior
Classification of cloud particles as liquid water droplets, ice crystals, or mixed phase
Atmospheric turbulence generated by airflow over mountainous terrain leading to enhanced mixing and modified precipitation processes
Seasonal precipitation system occurring July-September in the central Rocky Mountains bringing significant rainfall to Colorado River headwater basins
Heat transfer through soil via molecular conduction
Large-scale atmospheric weather patterns that influence regional temperature and precipitation distributions
Measure of cloud opacity to solar radiation, related to cloud droplet concentration and size distribution
Meteorological events that are rare for a particular place or time of year and can have major ecological impacts
Methodology for measuring turbulent fluxes using high-frequency measurements of vertical wind velocity and scalar concentrations
Radar systems that transmit and receive both horizontal and vertical polarizations to characterize particle shape, orientation, and microphysical prop...
The positive feedback mechanism where reduced snow cover lowers surface albedo, increasing absorption and further reducing snow cover
Rate at which turbulent kinetic energy is converted to heat, used as quantitative measure of atmospheric turbulence intensity
Parameter describing the water uptake ability of aerosol particles using κ-Köhler theory
Direct transition of snow from solid to vapor phase, important for water balance in mountain watersheds
Spatial intersection of radar beams from different systems enabling measurement comparison
The difference between observed streamflow and expected or baseline streamflow, representing water shortage
Statistical approach using prior information and measurement uncertainties to optimally estimate atmospheric properties
Estimates of precipitation amount derived from radar and other observational data
Systematic comparison of modeled precipitation against station observations and multiple gridded datasets using percent error calculations and spatial...
Standardized filter-based sampling of atmospheric aerosols followed by immersion freezing analysis using the Ice Nucleation Spectrometer to quantify i...
Retrieval of vertical temperature and water vapor profiles using infrared spectroscopy with optimal estimation physical retrieval method. Provides hig...
Remote sensing of atmospheric infrared radiances using Atmospheric Sounder Spectrometer by Infrared Spectral Technology (ASSIST) in wavenumber range 6...
Heavily instrumented sites to collect measurements capturing seasonal variations in hydro-biogeochemical processes as a function of landscape position...
Python implementation of algorithm from Lundquist et al., 2008, applied to digital elevation models to classify cold-air pooling areas using terrain a...
Network allowing investigations across gradients in elevation, fluvial geomorphology, vegetation, water quality and bedrock composition including expe...
Portable Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS) measurements of light scattering by particles passing through a laser beam to determine particle size di...
Long-term monitoring using Big Springs Number Eight dust samplers to measure seasonally accumulated horizontal sediment flux. Sample collections rangi...
EOF analysis applied to temperature deviations from 600 hPa free-air temperature to identify dominant spatial patterns of surface temperature variabil...
Data ranges for each sensor type were filtered based on a combination of sensor specifications and assumed reasonable values.
Five sites established along an elevation gradient from 2774m to 3597m with experimental early snowmelt manipulation using paired control and treatmen...
Field sampling using plot-based methods to assess time series data of aeolian sediment collections across varying climates, vegetation cover, and land...
Data cleaning procedures including interpolation of missing values and setting snow depths to zero after depletion date.
Thermistor chain with 2 cm spacing configured for terrestrial snowpack to measure continuous snow temperature profiles. Chain installed suspended from...
SUMMA model simulation using downscaled forcings from the WUS-D3 dataset of downscaled CMIP6 GCMS for surface hoar study.
High-resolution scanning X-band radar system providing detailed precipitation measurements with dual-polarization capability. Performs volume scans an...
Continuous measurement of aerosol optical properties and cloud condensation nuclei concentrations using standardized ARM instrumentation across multip...
A distributed network of six ground-based aerosol measurement stations spanning elevational gradients in mountainous terrain to characterize spatiotem...
Three-step process to harmonize cloud condensation nuclei measurements across different instrument supersaturation settings using polynomial interpola...
High spectral resolution lidar measurement of aerosol backscatter profiles to detect aerosol layer boundaries and depth. Uses Haar Wavelet transform g...
The instrument is a polarimetric W-Band simultaneous transmission simultaneous reception (STSR) Doppler Cloud Radar manufactured by Radiometer Physics...
This dataset contains snow water, precipitation, and discharge data collected from the East River watershed. This provides insight as to how the water...
The Surface Atmosphere Integrated Field Laboratory (SAIL) campaign, conducted from September 2021 to June 2023 in Crested Butte, Colorado, aimed to ch...
The dataset accompanying the manuscript titled "Recent Upper Colorado River Streamflow Declines Driven by Loss of Spring Precipitation" provides compr...
This data contains output from the pumphouse eddy covariance tower that includes shortwave radiation, longwave radiation, net radiation, air temperatu...
Cold-air pooling (CAP) mapped across Colorado at 100m resolution and the region surrounding the East River watershed, CO at 30m resolution. Classifica...
Cloud base height / vertical visibility and attenuated backscatter coefficient profiles from NOAA GML's Vaisala CL51 ceilometer deployed at Kettle Pon...
This dataset contains snow water, precipitation, and discharge data collected from the East River watershed. This provides insight as to how the water...
This dataset includes the models used in the journal article entitled, "Parameter Estimation for Models of Major Rainfall Induced Floods in Ungauged M...
This dataset contains timelapse videos and distributed measurements of air temperature, relative humidity, dewpoint, and soil temperature across the E...
Raw (Level 1) measurements from the Snow Ice Mass Balance Apparatus (SIMBA) deployed at the Avery Picnic site (~ 38°58.345' N, 106°59.811' W) during t...
This dataset contains daily files with thermodynamic profiles retrieved with the optimal estimation physical retrieval TROPoe (TROPoe, Turner and Löhn...
This dataset contains daily files with thermodynamic profiles retrieved with the optimal estimation physical retrieval TROPoe (TROPoe, Turner and Löhn...
The timing of snowmelt in mountain systems is a main driver of vegetation phenology and production, as well as recharge of soil moisture and ground wa...
The timing of snowmelt in mountain systems is a main driver of vegetation phenology and production, as well as recharge of soil moisture and ground wa...
This dataset includes the models used in the journal article entitled, "Parameter Estimation for Models of Major Rainfall Induced Floods in Ungauged M...
SAIL-Net was a DOE funded project in the East River Watershed near Crested Butte, Colorado with the goal of advancing our understanding of aerosol-clo...
From fall 2021 through summer 2023, NOAA and research partners conducted a field study (SPLASH - the Study of Precipitation, the Lower Atmosphere and ...
Processed (Level 2) measurements and derived variables from the Atmospheric Surface Flux Station #50 (ASFS-50) deployed at the Avery Picnic site (38°5...
Raw point clouds from the terrestrial scanning lidar #5 (L5) that was deployed on the downwind flux tower near Crested Butte, Colorado for the SOS (Su...
Raw point clouds from the terrestrial scanning lidar #4 (L4) that was deployed on the upwind west flux tower near Crested Butte, Colorado for the SOS ...
Raw point clouds from the terrestrial scanning lidar #6 (L6) that was deployed on the downwind flux tower near Crested Butte, Colorado for the SOS (Su...
Raw point clouds from the terrestrial scanning lidar #3 (L3) that was deployed on the upwind west flux tower near Crested Butte, Colorado for the SOS ...
Raw point clouds from the terrestrial scanning lidar #2 (L2) that was deployed on the upwind east flux tower near Crested Butte, Colorado for the SOS ...
Raw point clouds from the terrestrial scanning lidar #1 (L1) that was deployed on the upwind east flux tower near Crested Butte, Colorado for the SOS ...
This dataset contains maps of cold-air pooling (CAP) across Colorado at 100m resolution (Colorado_100m.nc) and the region surrounding the East River w...
This dataset contains (a) a script “R_met_integrated_for_modeling.R”, and (b) associated input CSV files: 3 CSV files per location to create a 5-varia...
The timing of snowmelt in mountain systems is a main driver of vegetation phenology and production, as well as recharge of soil moisture and ground wa...
SAIL-Net is a DOE funded project in the East River Watershed near Crested Butte, Colorado with the goal of advancing our understanding of aerosol-clou...
The timing of snowmelt in mountain systems is a main driver of vegetation phenology and production, as well as recharge of soil moisture and ground wa...
The timing of snowmelt in mountain systems is a main driver of vegetation phenology and production, as well as recharge of soil moisture and ground wa...
Aerosol particles were collected using a four-stage Size and Time-resolved Aerosol Collector (STAC) during the SAIL field campaign. Each stage of STAC...
A laser disdrometer (LDIS) measures the drop size spectra and fall velocity of hydrometeors during precipitation events. The passage of hydrometeors t...
Processed (Level 2) measurements and derived variables from the Atmospheric Surface Flux Station #30 (ASFS-30) deployed at the Kettle Ponds Annex site...
These data were compiled to assess time series data of aeolian sediment collections across varying climates, vegetation cover, and land uses on the Co...
From fall 2021 through summer 2023, NOAA and research partners conducted a field study (SPLASH - the Study of Precipitation, the Lower Atmosphere and ...
Gridded precipitation and temperature products are inherently uncertain due to myriad factors, including interpolation from a sparse observation netwo...
This data release contains SnowModel snow evolution simulation output on a 100-meter (m) geospatial grid for a 311 kilometer (km) � 300 km model domai...
These data were compiled to measure airborne horizontal mass flux of sediments moved by wind across soils, climates, vegetation types, and land uses o...
**Error has been found in Glenwood Springs station data. The 8in depth soil moisture sensor was mislabeled as the 40in depth sensor and vice versa for...
**Error has been found in Glenwood Springs station data. The 8in depth soil moisture sensor was mislabeled as the 40in depth sensor and vice versa for...
Surface grids of the snow, ground, and vegetation surfaces derived from the six terrestrial scanning lidars that were deployed on three flux towers ne...
The radar wind profiler/radio acoustic sounding system (RWP/RASS), available in 915-MHz (for U.S. deployments) and 1290-MHz (for foreign deployments),...
These data were compiled to measure airborne horizontal mass flux of sediments moved by wind across soils, climates, vegetation types, and land uses o...
***An error has been caught in time codes. The time codes currently read GMT-5:00. The CORRECT time code is GMT-7:00 for all datasets. Files with Full...
Contains the code for the figure generation and analysis of the manuscript "Measurement Report: An investigation of the spatiotemporal variability of ...
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Str...
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Str...
This dataset contains maps of cold-air pooling (CAP) across Colorado at 100m resolution (Colorado_100m.nc) and the region surrounding the East River w...
Realtime micro-scale weather simulations were performed to support UAV (Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle) flights during the ISARRA Lower Atmospheric Process S...
This dataset includes the models used in the journal article entitled, "Parameter Estimation for Models of Major Rainfall Induced Floods in Ungauged M...
The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) calculated multiple basin characteristics as part of preparing the Upper Colorado & Gunnison Rivers Pilot Stream...
From fall 2021 through summer 2023, NOAA and research partners conducted a field study (SPLASH - the Study of Precipitation, the Lower Atmosphere and ...
From fall 2021 through summer 2023, NOAA and research partners conducted a field study (SPLASH - the Study of Precipitation, the Lower Atmosphere and ...
ARM Instrument: Interpolated Sonde
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Str...
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Str...
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Str...
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Str...
This dataset contains maps of cold-air pooling (CAP) across Colorado at 100m resolution (Colorado_100m.nc) and the region surrounding the East River w...
The Soil, Vegetation, and snow model version 2.0 (SVS2) is a land surface model developed by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) to be used i...
SUMMA model output for a single site in the East River Watershed, Colorado using downscaled forcings from the WUS-D3 dataset of downscaled CMIP6 GCMS....
The Soil, Vegetation, and snow model version 2.0 (SVS2) is a land surface model developed by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) to be used i...
The Soil, Vegetation, and snow model version 2.0 (SVS2) is a land surface model developed by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) to be used i...
SAIL-Net is a DOE funded project in the East River Watershed near Crested Butte, Colorado with the goal of advancing our understanding of aerosol-clou...
This dataset contains daily files from a CL31 ceilometer manufactured by Vaisala that was deployed at Roaring Judy in the East River Watershed in Colo...
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profilin...
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profilin...
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profilin...
Realtime micro-scale weather simulations were performed to support UAV (Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle) flights during the ISARRA Lower Atmospheric Process S...
Cleaned (quality checked) and continuous hourly records of snow energy and mass balance variables from Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP). GMSP is located i...
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Str...
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profilin...
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profilin...
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profilin...
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profilin...
This dataset includes measurements obtained using the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars during the 2018 LAPSE-RATE (Lower Atmospheric Profilin...
ARM Instrument: MWR Retrievals
Raw (Level 1) measurements from the Snow Ice Mass Balance Apparatus (SIMBA) deployed at the Avery Picnic site (~ 38°58.345' N, 106°59.811' W) during t...
Raw (Level 1) measurements from the Atmospheric Surface Flux Station #30 (ASFS-30) deployed at the Kettle Ponds Annex site (38°56.3686' N, 106°58.1781...
Raw (Level 1) measurements from the Atmospheric Surface Flux Station #50 (ASFS-50) deployed at the Avery Picnic site (38°58.3455' N, 106°59.8113' W) d...
The open source Video In Situ Snowfall Sensor (VISSS) is a novel instrument for the characterization of particle shape and size in snowfall. The VISSS...
The open source Video In Situ Snowfall Sensor (VISSS) is a novel instrument for the characterization of particle shape and size in snowfall. The VISSS...
Elevation difference (snow depth estimate for exposed ground surfaces) between co-registered WorldView-3 optical stereo DSM products from 2016-09-25 (...
Cleaned (quality checked) and continuous hourly records of snow energy and mass balance variables from Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP). GMSP is located i...
Cleaned (quality checked) and continuous hourly records of snow energy and mass balance variables from Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP). GMSP is located i...
Ceilometer (Vaisala CL31) 10 meter resolution backscatter data
SUMMA model output for a single site in the East River Watershed, Colorado using downscaled forcings from the WUS-D3 dataset of downscaled CMIP6 GCMS....
These data were compiled to assess time series data of aeolian sediment collections across varying climates, vegetation cover, and land uses on the Co...
Cleaned (quality checked) and continuous hourly records of snow energy and mass balance variables from Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP). GMSP is located i...
Only the first days of each month were uploaded to Zenodo due to the data storage limitation, and the full dataset is available at http://glass.umd.ed...
"Experimental" scripts to run WRF in a variety of configurations. Designed to facilitate experimenting with run settings, boundary/initial conditions,...
The open source Video In Situ Snowfall Sensor (VISSS) is a novel instrument for the characterization of particle shape and size in snowfall. The VISSS...
Elevation difference (snow depth estimate for exposed ground surfaces) between co-registered WorldView-3 optical stereo DSM products from 2016-09-25 (...
This dataset includes turbulence dissipation rate estimated from the University of Colorado Windcube v1 lidars and the University of Oklahoma Halo Str...
Snow persistence (SP) or the snow cover index (SCI), is the fraction of time that snow is present on the ground for a defined period. Cloud covered in...
Cleaned (quality checked) and continuous hourly records of snow energy and mass balance variables from Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP). GMSP is located i...
The data set “Snowpack_Snodgrass_AS.csv” consists of the snowpack data measured by the PhenoCams at each site up Snodgrass Mtn, Crested Butte, Co. To ...
The KAZR-ARSCL VAP provides cloud boundaries and best-estimate time-height fields of radar moments. The VAP merges corrected KAZR moments from all act...
Elevation difference (snow depth estimate for exposed ground surfaces) between co-registered WorldView-3 optical stereo DSM products from 2016-09-25 (...
Cleaned (quality checked) and continuous hourly records of snow energy and mass balance variables from Grand Mesa Study Plot (GMSP). GMSP is located i...
Gothic Colorado Winter 2022 Snow Depth Lidar from Jan7, Jan 26, and Feb 14 2022. Additionally, includes snow off.
High Spectral Resolution Lidar Data, a1 Data Level
SUMMA model output for a single site in the East River Watershed, Colorado using downscaled forcings from the WUS-D3 dataset of downscaled CMIP6 GCMS....
Elevation difference (snow depth estimate for exposed ground surfaces) between co-registered WorldView-3 optical stereo DSM products from 2016-09-25 (...
Elevation difference (snow depth estimate for exposed ground surfaces) between co-registered WorldView-3 optical stereo DSM products from 2016-09-25 (...
Elevation difference (snow depth estimate for exposed ground surfaces) between co-registered WorldView-3 optical stereo DSM products from 2016-09-25 (...
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