Concepts

The difference between net radiation flux at the surface under all-sky and clear-sky conditions, accounting for both downwelling and upwelling radiation changes

Statistical distribution describing the number concentration of particles as a function of their size

Measure of cloud opacity to solar radiation, related to cloud droplet concentration and size distribution

Classification of cloud particles as liquid water droplets, ice crystals, or mixed phase

Radar systems that transmit and receive both horizontal and vertical polarizations to characterize particle shape, orientation, and microphysical properties

Methodology for measuring turbulent fluxes using high-frequency measurements of vertical wind velocity and scalar concentrations

Parameter describing the water uptake ability of aerosol particles using κ-Köhler theory

Spatial intersection of radar beams from different systems enabling measurement comparison

The difference between observed streamflow and expected or baseline streamflow, representing water shortage

Estimates of precipitation amount derived from radar and other observational data