Concepts

Duration that snowpack remains on the ground providing water inputs to trees

The combined process of water evaporation from soil and plant surfaces and water transpiration from plant leaves, representing a major component of the water budget that increases with warming tempera...

Limitations on activity imposed by temperature and radiation conditions

The role of atmospheric aerosols in cloud formation and precipitation by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice-nucleating particles (INPs)

Physical processes affecting snow particle formation, growth, and characteristics including aggregation, riming, sublimation, and fragmentation