Concepts

Non-vigilant behaviors including foraging, preening, walking, and singing

The evaluation of how consistently an individual's alarm calls are associated with actual predation risk

Decomposition of total seed production into multiplicative components to identify sensitive life stages

Seasonal changes in ant colony composition between sexual and worker ant production phases

Study of plant reproductive strategies and their ecological consequences

The relative amount of available carbon that has been allocated to reproductive tissues, calculated as the ratio of carbon allocated to reproductive tissues versus total available carbon

Different stages of reproduction (gestation, lactation, post-reproduction) may predispose females to different levels of roadkill risk due to varying energy demands and foraging behavior

Average time organisms spend in a given stream reach before drifting, calculated as benthic abundance divided by drift rate

Individual differences in accessing and utilizing resources such as perches that provide enhanced visibility for predator detection

Model assuming limited number of sites suitable for germination and recruitment with only one juvenile per safe site

The number of active sap wells created by sapsuckers per unit area

The flux of energy through a stream invertebrate by altering individual life-history and development patterns

Differential selection of plant materials for storage based on nutritional quality rather than random sampling of available vegetation

Bees controlling the sex of their offspring via haplodiploid sex determination, with fertilized eggs becoming females and unfertilized eggs developing into males

Differential effects of male versus female neighbors on focal individual fitness due to varying resource needs or allocation patterns

Marked differences between sexes in immune response, with males often having smaller spleens and higher testosterone levels linked to immunosuppression

State of being ready for reproduction, measured by cloacal swelling in this study

Behavioral axis ranging from shy (less interactive, avoidant) to bold (more interactive, approaching) behavioral responses

The concept that alarm calls can be situationally variable, encoding information about events and stimuli external to callers

high density population reduces dispersal because immigration of new individuals will increase negative encounters

Organization of individuals within populations based on family groups and territorial patterns

Hypothesis that dominant individuals can force subordinates to leave natal territory through aggression or control over resources

The process of scrounging new innovations that can efficiently diffuse novel traits through a population by social learning

The process by which animals form social groups that share and defend space, distinguish group members from nonmembers, and may persist for many generations

The social standing or class of an individual or group, often measured as a combination of education, income and occupation

Species that live alone rather than in groups, potentially making changes in antipredator behavior more impactful to individual survival.

measure of which individuals share critical resources of burrow sites and foraging areas

Physical nearness or distance between individuals influencing social interaction probability

When species limit the abundance or occurrence of other resources or hinder an ecosystem process or human activity