Concepts

Scoring system (3-6) for mammary gland development based on nipple visibility and prominence as indicator of reproductive activity

The dietary status and nutritional condition of an organism that can influence its behavioral decisions

Statistical approaches to estimate site occupancy probability accounting for detection probability

Population dynamics in systems characterized by high levels of dispersal and recruitment from external sources

Cost of remaining in refuge measured as lost foraging opportunities or other beneficial activities

Theory predicting that parents should allocate investment amongst their progeny according to an optimum at which their own (i.e., the parents') fitness is maximized

The hypothesis that there is an optimal egg cluster size that maximizes fitness by balancing benefits and costs of aggregation

Reproductive strategy where females delay egg development and deposit eggs in terrestrial habitats during autumn after entering diapause

Population density exceeding the carrying capacity of available resources, leading to reduced individual condition

Hypothesis proposing that individuals vary in life-history strategies covarying with suites of morphological, physiological and behavioural characteristics, where fast-growing individuals should be mo...

Hypothesis positing that a series of behavioural and physiological axes of variation correlates with the individual slow-fast continuum

The acceptability of food items based on taste, texture, and chemical composition

Non-random distribution of parasites among hosts with most hosts having few parasites

The conflicting pressures parent birds face between maintaining optimal nest conditions and foraging to meet metabolic needs

Theoretical framework predicting when parents will abandon offspring based on costs and benefits of continued care versus seeking additional mating opportunities

Age-structured demographic model where fertility is approximated by an average fertility parameter and age-specific survival from α until death

Non-uniform spatial distribution of virus occurrence across host populations

Phenomenon leading to increase in pathogen prevalence and intensity in wild bee populations when commercial bees escape and infect wild populations

The ecological system comprising a pathogen, its host, and their environment

Oscillatory population dynamics that repeat over time cycles rather than approaching stable equilibrium

number of behaviors directed at test apparatus

The proportion of time an individual spent interacting with the puzzle box during a trial

Relationships between egg and juvenile densities are strongest for species where eggs are protected from predation, parasitism, or physical factors that cause mortality or by female or male behavior t...

The tendency to disperse is associated with boldness, sociability, and/or aggressiveness behavioral traits

Apparently functionless behavior that is costly and exposes animals to various risks including predation, but must have substantial benefits

Influence of intraspecific density on individual case construction and behavioral responses

Decade-long changes in population size observed in tiger salamander populations

Higher frequency of movement into and out of habitat patches, as indicated by more abandoned middens in smaller patches

The sequence of steps predators must complete: encounter prey, identify them as suitable, approach and attack, prevent escape, and consume

Death of female insects before they have completed egg laying, resulting in loss of reproductive potential

Developmental hijacking where infected plants produce bright yellow flower-like clusters that mimic co-occurring blooms to attract pollinators for pathogen reproduction

A form of supplemental feeding for nectivorous Lepidoptera to acquire necessary mineral nutrients, primarily sodium, that are otherwise absent from their nectar diets

Pest management approach that repels pests from desired resources while attracting them to manageable locations