Protocols

Collection and microscopic analysis of pollen grains deposited on wildflower stigmas using pink fuchsin gel mounting and reference collection for identification. Quantifies both conspecific and hetero...

Volatile organic compounds were sampled from single flowers using dynamic headspace sampling, then analyzed with thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify and quantify floral...

Quantified natural selection on floral traits by measuring relationships between trait values, pollinator visitation rates, and reproductive success. Calculated standardized selection differentials to...

Statistical approach to test causal pathways between herbivory, plant characteristics, and reproductive output using multiple linked regression models with model selection based on information criteri...

PCR amplification of microsatellite loci followed by capillary electrophoresis for allele sizing and polymorphism assessment.

Path analysis using structural equation modeling to test competing hypotheses about causal relationships between nectar traits, robbing, pollination, and fitness.