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We quantified pollinator visit behavior, pollen receipt and export, and changes in allele and genotype frequencies from initial Hardy‐ Weinberg conditions in experimental arrays of two color morphs of snapdragons (Antirrhinum majus) visited by freely foraging bumble bees (Bombus appositus and B. flavifrons). The number of pollen grains received by a flower depended most on the number of pollinator visits to the flower, whereas the number of grains exported was best predicted by the total time pollinators spent inside the flower. The pattern of mating generally was assortative with respect to color, as bees tended to overvisit one color or the other within a foraging bout. In arrays where nectar was augmented in one color, the augmented color received both more visits and longer visits. Allele and genotype frequencies in offspring samples were in accord with qualitative expectations based on the pollinator observations, demonstrating that pollinators can directly influence the evolution of single‐locus floral traits, at least under simplified experimental conditions.
Knowledge graph centered on Pollinator-mediated selection on a flower color po with 32 nodes and 220 connections. Top connected: Flower constancy, insect psychology, and plant evo, Evolutionary options for maximizing pollen dispers, Two-form Bumble Bee, Bumble Bees, Yellow-fronted Bumble Bee.
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