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Jill T. Anderson1,2* and Contemporary climate change is proceeding at an unprecedented rate. The question remains Susana M. Wadgymar3 whether populations adapted to historical conditions can persist under rapid environmental 1 change. We tested whether climate change will disrupt local adaptation and reduce population Department of Genetics and Odum growth rates using the perennial plant Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae). In a large-scale field experi- School of Ecology University of ment conducted over five years, we exposed > 106 000 transplants to historical, current, or future Georgia Athens, GA 30602, USA 2 climates and quantified fitness components. Low-elevation populations outperformed local popu- The Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Crested Butte, CO lations under simulated climate change (snow removal) across all five experimental gardens. Local 81224, USA maladaptation also emerged in control treatments, but it was less pronounced than under snow 3 Biology Department Davidson removal. We recovered local adaptation under snow addition treatments, which reflect historical College Davidson, NC 28035, USA conditions. Our results revealed that low elevation populations risk rapid decline, whereas upslope migration could enable population persistence and expansion at higher elevation locales. Local *Correspondence: E-mail: jta24@ adaptation to historical conditions could increase vulnerability to climate change, even for geo- uga.edu graphically widespread species.
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