The distance at which an individual initiates moving away from an approaching humans, reflecting flightiness of an animal in response to a potential predator
Time allocation to scanning for predators versus other activities like foraging, measured through specific postures and head orientations
Quantifiable aspects of social behavior and social structure that can be subject to natural selection
Demographic rates including survival, growth, flowering probability, seed production, and germination that determine population dynamics
A measure of how successful a bird is at food acquisition, quantified through observations as foraging rate (number of forages divided by time observed)