Protocols

Standardized method using funnel, filter paper and drainage to measure maximum water holding capacity of soil samples. Involves saturating soil, draining for set time, then oven-drying to calculate wa...

Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis of full genome sequences using MUSCLE alignment and Tamura-Nei evolutionary model to determine relationships between outbreak isolates and assess overwintering...

Weekly assessment of fungal rust infection using a 6-class ordinal scale from absent (0) to 75-100% infected (5), with infection location recorded.

Integration process combining datasets from natural history collections, community science observations, and literature to compile bee interaction data.

Model selection analyses to evaluate possible transmission pathways including indirect vector transmission and direct predation transmission.