Checking billy barr’s snow log…
Global warming, and exacerbated warming temperatures with humane activity, could impose novel conditions on the lives of many organisms. Of those, the behaviors and diets of solitary bees face adaptive stress as their optimal foraging conditions and preferred floral resources fluctuate. Trap nests make the perfect study system to investigate climatic consequences, because of their easily observable and accessible nature. Using this study system, we sought to answer two main questions: (1) How do foraging time of day and temperature differ among trap-nesting bee taxa? and (2) how does the pollen diet of Hoplitis fulgida vary seasonally? Trap nests and their hosts, particularly pertaining to the questions being asked here, have been largely understudied, despite the possibility for broad inference on the temporal, thermal, and spatial differences in inter- and intraspecific solitary bee behaviors. Previous work has been done on the foraging activity of Osmia, though these studies haven’t directly investigated niche partitioning in the presence of other taxa; similarly, there has been dietary study for solitary bees, but the literature lacks in study of Hoplitis. Our linear-mixed effect models revealed significant partitioning of both temporal and thermal periods between Osmia and Hoplitis. A combined principal component analysis and permanova distinguishes a notable degree of difference in the pollen diet of Hoplitis fulgida spatially. Visualization of fulgida’s seasonal diet across all sites reveals a significant degree of change over the course of the season. From our results, we surmise that Osmia and Hoplitis may face compressing or dividing pressures on their temporal/thermal segmentation, and that adverse nutritional and energetic consequences for Hoplitis could impact brood sizes, composition and survival.
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