Concepts

A female mates with a male other than the territorial male of her family group, increasing frequency when snow cover is reduced

Enzymes produced by microorganisms that catalyze oxidation reactions outside the cell, including laccase, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase

Industrial operations focused on removing natural resources, particularly whaling and guano mining in oceanic environments

A phenomenon where the action of one exploiter species opens the opportunity for exploitation by a second species

Consumption of aquatic or semi-aquatic insects by fish during oviposition or other water surface activities

Change in water flow direction due to uplift outpacing erosion rates

Increasing concentrations with discharge, with positive b values indicating enrichment behavior

Mechanism where upper-level flow is channeled by valley sidewalls when convective boundary layer grows above ridge height, causing valley wind direction to align with upper-level flow

Deposition of minerals in pre-existing fractures and fissures

Process where remaining plant community converged functionally toward a species composition whose traits resembled the previously removed dominant species

Infection of aspen trees by heartrot fungus that softens wood for cavity excavation

The cellular process by which genes are turned on or off in response to environmental stimuli or stressors

Nitrogen derived from weathering of nitrogen-bearing geological formations such as marine shales

The algal trophic pathway involving primary production and photosynthesis

CO2 delivered to streams through groundwater discharge

Plant behavior of tracking the sun to warm flowers and attract pollinators

The spread of hepatitis viruses between animal hosts, particularly in mammalian populations

Experimental clipping treatment to reduce photosynthetic capacity and stress plant-fungal associations

Changes in the timing or rate of developmental events relative to the development of the whole organism

A life-history trait that buffers marmots against climate change by allowing them to escape changes in climate and effectively expand their ecological niches

Ground squirrels metabolize fat reserves built up during previous foraging seasons, with high amounts of foraging ensuring enough fat storage levels for fitness and survival

Spatial gradient from hillslope to riparian zone representing changes in hydrology, geochemistry, and proximity to stream

Community assembly process where environmental conditions favor similar microbial communities, resulting in communities more similar than expected by chance

Complex life cycle involving multiple spore stages that infect plant hosts in different families