Ecological succession on substrate that cannot easily be colonized by vascular plants, where lichens serve as primary successors
Competitive advantage afforded to early discoverers that arrive at and modify a resource first
The degree to which alarming aerial stimuli must elicit 'aerial alarm calls' and alarming terrestrial stimuli must elicit 'terrestrial alarm calls'
Acceleration of gonad development which becomes functional at a significantly younger age than the usual onset of maturity in metamorphs
Physiological responses including elevated heart rate triggered by perceived threats or social interactions rather than physical activity