Horizontal rows of rectangular scars left by sapsuckers drilling sap wells in tree trunks
Lichens that grow on or within rocks, either foliose growing on top or crustose growing within the rock
The extent to which students see themselves as scientists and as members of the scientific community.
Quantitative measures of scientific output including presentations, publications, and academic awards
The extent to which students are confident in their ability to carry out various science research practices, such as developing a hypothesis to test.
The flux of energy through a stream invertebrate by altering individual life-history and development patterns