Concepts

Microbially-mediated oxidation of organic matter consuming oxygen and producing CO2 that controls oxygen availability in subsurface environments

Direct damage to plant buds and flowers from freezing temperatures occurring during vulnerable developmental stages

Process by which animals become less responsive to repeated non-threatening stimuli over time

Effects of animal feeding on plant biomass and community structure

Interbreeding between taxa that alters the pool of genetic variation available for population responses to changing environments

Selective pressure relationships between host plants and their parasites that can shift based on environmental changes

Selection that maintains multiple alleles in a population at frequencies above those expected from mutation alone

Predation behavior where individuals consume members of their own species, particularly common in A. m. nebulosum populations targeting first year hatchlings

Random environmental variation that affects demographic parameters across all individuals in a population simultaneously

Reproduction in which pollen from a flower fertilizes ovules in the same flower or on the same plant

Oxidative dissolution of pyrite mineral producing sulfuric acid and iron oxides under oxic conditions

Environmental processes that filter trait values admitted by changing abiotic and biotic conditions, maintaining trait distributions through phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation

The preferential incorporation of lighter or heavier isotopes during physical and biological processes, recorded in tree cellulose

Movement of seeds away from parent plants through various mechanisms including wind, animals, and gravity

The number and proportion of developed seeds produced by an individual plant, used as a measure of fecundity

Ecosystem responses to climate change that exert positive or negative feedbacks on climate, mediated by slow-moving factors such as shifts in vegetation community composition

The consumption of plant material by animals

Microbial process where methane is oxidized under anoxic conditions, often coupled to reduction of alternative electron acceptors

Communication through chemical signals that mediate various aspects of social activities in insects, especially regulation of reproduction

The progression through larval developmental stages with associated changes in size and feeding capacity

Constraint on growth or reproduction due to insufficient availability of essential nutrients

Reduction in reproductive output of individuals due to presence of other conspecifics, particularly older or dominant individuals

Bird species that utilize nest cavities created by other species rather than excavating their own

The role of atmospheric aerosols in cloud formation and precipitation by acting as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and ice-nucleating particles (INPs)

The contribution of animals to ecosystem nutrient fluxes through excretion, with supply determined by animal biomass, excretion rates, and time spent in the ecosystem

The ability of plants to tolerate or compensate for herbivore damage through increased growth or reproduction