Concepts

Use of infrared technology to measure surface temperatures of objects

Method to determine the spatial origin of sound sources using arrays of microphones and signal processing techniques

The nutritional value of algae as food for aquatic consumers, typically measured by nutrient content

Individual's reaction to being trapped and handled, measured on behavioral scale from aggressive to passive responses

The duration from when a flower's corolla first opens until either the corolla falls off or the stigma closes after opening

The percentage of ground area covered by a particular plant species when viewed from above

A measure of the evolutionary history represented in an ecological community, calculated as the sum of branch lengths connecting species in a phylogenetic tree

The color patterns and hues on butterfly wings produced by interaction of light with pigments on the wing scales

Soil electrical conductivity measured via electrical resistivity tomography to estimate soil moisture and subsurface properties

Sequential developmental stages of individual flowers progressing through male phases (M1, M2), inter-phase, and female phase

Geophysical method using electromagnetic waves to measure subsurface properties including snow density through travel-time analysis

Chemical composition of plant litter that determines its decomposability, typically characterized by C:N ratios and lignin content

Maximum temperature of warmest month, capturing seasonality in contrast to average annual temperatures

Ratio of neutrophil to lymphocyte white blood cell counts used as a measure of immune response activity

Evolutionary divergence time between species measured in millions of years, calculated from molecular phylogenetic reconstructions

The likelihood that an individual survives from one time period to the next

Chemical compounds emitted by plants as signals to other organisms, interrelated with atmospheric chemistry and climate change

The equilibrium population size at which population growth rate equals zero

Color-based visual contrast as perceived by animal visual systems

Measure of cloud opacity to solar radiation, related to cloud droplet concentration and size distribution

Classification of cloud particles as liquid water droplets, ice crystals, or mixed phase

Speed of water flow in streams, affecting nutrient movement and algal composition

Statistical method to compare species richness across samples by generating accumulation curves based on individual encounters