Protocols

Extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis of Fe-bearing colloids using synchrotron radiation with cryogenic sample preparation and shell-by-shell fitting to determine molecular coordination en...

Aqueous CO2 concentrations determined by headspace equilibration in glass bottles followed by IRGA analysis of extracted headspace gas with correction factors applied.

Extraction of iron and manganese from sediments using 0.5 N HCl with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in anaerobic conditions, followed by ICP-AES analysis. This method targets metals associated with reduc...

Separation of sediment organic carbon into free light fraction (FLF), occluded light fraction (OLF), and heavy fraction (HF) using sodium polytungstate density separation at 1.65 g/mL with sonication ...

A novel approach that captures the difference in concentration in a river segment over the difference in discharge, accounting for gains, losses or fractional solute turnover between sampling stations...

Deionized water extraction of sediments following Gregorich and Carter (2007) to measure dissolved nutrients and organic carbon. Designed to minimize physical disruption and reflect carbon and nutrien...

Combined use of major ion chemistry and Sr isotope signatures to identify distinct groundwater end members and quantify their contributions to stream flow using PCA-based end member mixing analysis.

Sequential chemical extractions using water, sodium pyrophosphate, HCl, and sodium dithionite to selectively dissolve mineral phases of varying crystallinity and their associated organic carbon.

Sulfur K-edge X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure spectroscopy was used to determine sulfur speciation in solid samples including bedrock, soils, and sediments. Linear combination fitting was used to...

Standard analytical chemistry methods using ion chromatography for anions and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for cations and trace elements in filtered water samples.

Measurement of radiocarbon content in bulk sediments and density fractions using accelerator mass spectrometry after acid fumigation pretreatment to remove inorganic carbon.

Bayesian framework using Markov-chain Monte Carlo to infer groundwater residence time distributions from environmental tracer observations while quantifying parameter uncertainties.

Colorimetric determination of ferrous iron concentrations using ferrozine reagent with spectrophotometric measurement at 562 nm absorption peak and calibration curve from standard solutions.

Stepped-temperature thermal analysis to quantify readily oxidizable organic carbon (OC400), total inorganic carbon (TIC), and residual organic carbon (ROC) fractions with different thermal stabilities...

Sequential extraction and ICP-MS analysis of soil pools and plant tissues to trace nutrient sources using 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Includes mixing model calculations to quantify proportional contributions fr...

Regression analysis applied to simulated water table declines across nested catchments to identify relationships between topographic characteristics, vegetation cover, and groundwater response to clim...

Climate forcing using minimum and maximum daily temperature lapse rates defined by Snow Telemetry stations adjusted for aspect.

Correlation of daily flows with USGS stream gauge data and linear interpolation for ice-covered periods.

Dissolved sulfide concentration determined by reacting H2S with N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylene diamine under acidic conditions to form methylene blue.

Examination of collected substrates to evaluate particle loading, morphology, and spatial distribution.

Sample pre-treatment method using PPL cartridges (Bond Elut) after acidifying samples to pH 2 with phosphoric acid to extract organic compounds.

Measurement of hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios using Off-Axis Integrated Cavity Output Spectrometer with auto-sampler and heated injector block. Results reported in δ-notation relative to Vienna St...

Laboratory analysis to determine total dissolved solids concentration in water samples through evaporation technique.