Waiting for the snow to melt…
Jane E. Ogilvie,1,2* Climate change can influence consumer populations both directly, by affecting survival and repro- Sean R. Griffin,1,3 duction, and indirectly, by altering resources. However, little is known about the relative impor- Zachariah J. Gezon,1,4,5 tance of direct and indirect effects, particularly for species important to ecosystem functioning, Brian D. Inouye,1,2 like pollinators. We used structural equation modelling to test the importance of direct and indi- Nora Underwood,1,2 rect (via floral resources) climate effects on the interannual abundance of three subalpine bumble David W. Inouye1,6 and bee species. In addition, we used long-term data to examine how climate and floral resources have Rebecca E. Irwin1,3 changed over time. Over 8 years, bee abundances were driven primarily by the indirect effects of climate on the temporal distribution of floral resources. Over 43 years, aspects of floral phenology changed in ways that indicate species-specific effects on bees. Our study suggests that climate- driven alterations in floral resource phenology can play a critical role in governing bee population responses to global change.
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