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Penstemon strictus

Common names: Rocky Mountain Penstemon, focal plant, Rocky Mountain penstemon

Authority: Benth.

Taxonomy: Plantae > Tracheophyta > Magnoliopsida > Lamiales > Plantaginaceae

Regional status: native

Roles: study subject, host plant

ITIS TSN: 33772

Synonyms: P. strictus, Pest

External: RMBL Collections · iNaturalist · iDigBio · GenBank

Papers: 126 | Mentions: 147

Local Knowledge Graph (Top 79 entities)

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Publications (129)

student_paper

A Hard Day’s Buzz: how water availability shapes floral rewards and pollinator foraging on Heliomeris multiflora

2026Role: text_match

student_paper

Characterizing the ant-B. stricta relationship: How does plant investment in extrafloral nectar production alter ant recruitment?

2026Role: text_match

student_paper

Effects of Water Availability on Seed Production in Subalpine Wildflower Aster: Hymenoxys hoopesii.

2026Role: text_match

article

Experimental warming decouples plant-fungal symbiont interactions and leads to a more conservative ecosystem

2026PNASRole: text_match

student_paper

The Effect of Drought Stress on the Development of Pieris macdunnoughii Feeding on its Native and Non-Native Host Plants

2026Role: text_match

article

Wind-driven seed dispersal differentially promotes seed trapping and retention across alpine plants

2026American Journal of BotanyRole: text_match

article

A multi-year case study highlighting the influence of hydrological conditions on epidemic dynamics in a natural plant pathosystem

2025OikosRole: text_match

student_paper

Documents (5)

technical report

Vegetation Appendix Materials for Vegetation and Wildlife Studies for the Mount Emmons Project

environmental assessment

Vegetation Appendix Materials for Vegetation and Wildlife Studies for the Mount Emmons Project

Co-occurring Species

Ipomopsis aggregata

Polemoniaceae70 shared papers

Bombus

Apidae65 shared papers

Delphinium

Ranunculaceae54 shared papers

Penstemon

Plantaginaceae48 shared papers

Asteraceae

Asteraceae41 shared papers

Mertensia

Boraginaceae40 shared papers

Polemonium

Polemoniaceae39 shared papers

Lupinus

Fabaceae39 shared papers

Potentilla

Rosaceae38 shared papers

Taraxacum officinale

Asteraceae38 shared papers

Alpine plant spatial clumping modifies leaf surface temperature

2025Role: text_match

article

Does pollination interact with the abiotic environment to affect plant reproduction?

2025Annals of BotanyRole: text_match

article

Nutrient niche dynamics among wild pollinators

2025Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological SciencesRole: text_match

student_paper

Picky eater? How different environmental factors affect broad-tailed hummingbirds’ (Selasphorus platycercus) foraging patterns in the Rocky Mountains

2025Role: study subject

student_paper

Picky eater? How different environmental factors affect broad-tailed hummingbirds’ (Selasphorus platycercus) foraging patterns in the Rocky Mountains

2025Role: text_match

article

Predicting the contribution of single trait evolution to rescuing a plant population from demographic impacts of climate change

2025Evolution LettersRole: text_match

student_paper

Temperature and relative humidity effects on nectar quantity, nectar quality, and plant-pollinator interactions

2025Role: text_match

student_paper

Fit or Unlit: using quantum dots to investigate the effects of a floricolous yeast and nectar robbing on male fitness in Ipomopsis aggregata

2024Role: text_match

student_paper

Variation of wasp behavior patterns and pollination behavior on Ligusticum porteri

2024Role: text_match

thesis

Biotic and abiotic drivers of plant-pollinator interaction rewiring

2023Role: text_match

article

Community context mediates effects of pollinator loss on seed production

2023EcosphereRole: text_match

article

Differences in individual flowering time change pollen limitation and seed set in three montane wildflowers

2023American Journal of BotanyRole: text_match

thesis

Effects of microclimate, dispersal, species interactions, and environmental stochasticity on demography

2023Role: text_match

student_paper

Effects of warming, dominant species removal, and accelerated snowmelt on aboveground plant traits in the Colorado Rocky Mountains

2023Role: study subject

student_paper

Elevation Does Not Predict Density Dependent Population Dynamics in Valeriana edulis

2023Role: text_match

article

Herbivory damage but not plant disease under experimental warming is dependent on weather for three subalpine grass species

2023Journal of Animal EcologyRole: text_match

article

Linking microenvironment modification to species interactions and demography in an alpine plant community

2023OikosRole: text_match

student_paper

Ant Behavioral Responses to Aphids Colonizing Ligusticum porteri

2022Role: text_match

student_paper

Effects of clumping of Delphinium barbeyi on pollination

2022Role: text_match

student_paper

Environmental and Genetic Effects of Elevation on Plant Defense

2022Role: text_match

article

Legume germination is delayed in dry soils and in sterile soils devoid of microbial mutualists: Species-specific implications for upward range expansions

2022Ecology and EvolutionRole: text_match

article

Plant removal across an elevational gradient marginally reduces rates, substantially reduces variation in mineralization

2022EcologyRole: text_match

article

Predicting the effects of climate change on the cross? scale epidemiological dynamics of a fungal plant pathogen

2022Scientific ReportsRole: text_match

thesis

Revealing the direct and indirect effects of climate change on soil nutrient dynamics and forage resources in mountain ecosystems

2022Role: text_match

thesis

Tritrophic mutualisms in a changing climate

2022Role: text_match

article

Demographic Consequences of Phenological Shifts in Response to Climate Change

2021Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and SystematicsRole: text_match

article

Experimental Test of the Combined Effects of Water Availability and Flowering Time on Pollinator Visitation and Seed Set

2021Frontiers of Ecology & EvolutionRole: text_match

article

Feeding friend and foe: ample pollen mitigates the effects of pollen theft for a gynodioecious plant,Polemonium foliosissimum(Polemoniaceae)

2021Annals of BotanyRole: text_match

article

From the ground up: Building predictions for how climate change will affect belowground mutualisms, floral traits, and bee behavior

2021Climate Change EcologyRole: text_match

article

Nectar addition changes pollinator behavior but not plant reproduction in pollen rewarding Lupinus argenteus

2021American Journal of BotanyRole: text_match

article

Plant–pollinator interaction niche broadens in response to severe drought perturbations

2021OecologiaRole: text_match

article

Trade-off mitigation: a conceptual framework for understanding floral adaptation in multispecies interactions

2021Biological ReviewsRole: text_match

article

Unraveling the ecological and evolutionary impacts of a plant invader on the pollination of a native plant

2021Biological Invasions doi 10.1007/s10530-021-02457-zRole: study subject

article

Birds Perceive More Intraspecific Color Variation in Bird-Pollinated Than Bee-Pollinated Flowers

2020Frontiers in Plant Science. doi 10.3389/fpls.2020.590347Role: study subject

article

Bumble bees are constant to nectar-robbing behaviour despite low switching costs

2020Animal BehaviourRole: text_match

article

Competition for nectar resources does not affect bee foraging tactic constancy

2020Ecological EntomologyRole: text_match

article

Low predictability of energy balance traits and leaf temperature metrics in desert, montane and alpine plant communities

2020Functional EcologyRole: study subject

thesis

Climate change, phenological shifts, and species interactions: Case studies in subalpine plant and migratory fish populations

2019Role: text_match

article

Comparing predictive measures and model functions for estimating plant biomass: lessons from a sagebrush–rabbitbrush community

2019Plant EcologyRole: study subject

article

Context dependent biotic interactions control plant abundance across altitudinal environmental gradients

2019EcographyRole: text_match

thesis

Floral reward strategies, visitor behavior, and plant reproductive outcomes

2019Role: text_match

student_paper

Identifying the Impact of Biotic Interactions on Meadow Species Distributions in Sagebrush and Bunchgrass Dominated Systems

2019Role: text_match

thesis

Invasive plants and water availablity mediate outcomes of plant-pollinator interactions

2019Role: study subject

thesis

Invasive plants and water availablity mediate outcomes of plant-pollinator interactions

2019Role: text_match

thesis

King of the hill? How biotic interactions affect biogeographical pattern and species responses to climate change

2019Role: text_match

article

Plant chemical mediation of ant behavior

2019Current Opinion in Insect ScienceRole: text_match

article

Soil microbes that may accompany climate warming increase alpine plant production

2019OecologiaRole: text_match

article

The function of floral orientation in bluebells: interactions with pollinators and rain in two species of Mertensia (Boraginaceae)

2019Journal of Plant EcologyRole: text_match

article

The individual and combined effects of snowmelt timing and frost exposure on the reproductive success of montane forbs

2019Journal of EcologyRole: text_match

thesis

Effects of Climate Change on Plants, Pollinators and Their Interactions

2018Role: text_match

student_paper

Effects of abiotic and biotic stress on plant fitness and herbivore defense in Boechera stricta

2018Role: text_match

article

Microenvironment and functional-trait context dependence predict plant community dynamics

2018Journal of EcologyRole: text_match

article

Facilitated exploitation of pollination mutualisms: fitness consequences for plants

2017Journal of EcologyRole: text_match

article

Multitrophic interactions mediate theÂ effects ofÂ climate change onÂ herbivore abundance

2017OecologiaRole: text_match

student_paper

Neighborhood Influence on Plant Interactions with Seed-Eating Flies and Pollinating Bees

2017Role: text_match

student_paper

Selection for early reproduction in the solitary bee Hoplitis fulgida

2017Role: host plant

student_paper

Variability in the effectiveness of Penstemon strictus pollinators and the role that water availability plays

2017Role: study subject

student_paper

Effects of Insect Damage to Helianthella quinquenervis (Asteraceae) Inflorescences on Pollinator Visitation

2016Role: text_match

student_paper

Effects of Plant Diversity on Selection for Insect Resistance Traits in Boechera stricta

2016Role: text_match

article

Effects of climate change on phenologies and distributions of bumble bees and the plants they visit

2016EcosphereRole: text_match

student_paper

Pollen thieving and pollen limitation in gynodioecious Polemonium foliosissimum (Polemoniaceae)

2016Role: text_match

student_paper

The Changing Floral Color Landscape Across an Alpine Elevation Gradient

2016Role: text_match

student_paper

The future of plant-fungal symbioses along elevational gradients

2016Role: text_match

student_paper

Barriers to Gene Flow across a Light Gradient in Cardamine cordifolia.

2015Role: text_match

student_paper

Why doesn't nectar robbing decrease seed set in some bee-pollinated plants?

2015Role: text_match

student_paper

Associational effects of E. speciosus and E. elatior on their pollinators and seed predators.

2014Role: text_match

student_paper

Frost Sensitivity of Subalpine Plants in the Colorado Rocky Mountains: The Effects of Seasonality, Water Content, and Phylogeny

2014Role: text_match

student_paper

Plant Successional Changes Over 67 Years on the Gothic Earthflow.

2014Role: text_match

article

Fitness costs of butterfly oviposition on a lethal non-native plant in a mixed native and non-native plant community

2013OecologiaRole: text_match

student_paper

How does altered phenology affect pollination and reproduction of Delphinium nuttallianum?

2013Role: text_match

student_paper

Measuring the influence of phylogenetic relationships on floral visitation

2013Role: text_match

student_paper

Effects of bacterial endophytes on plant-insect interactions

2012Role: text_match

student_paper

How do the effects of herbivory and light gradients impact the overall plant fitness within different environments?

2012Role: text_match

article

Local geographic distributions of bumble bees near Crested Butte, Colorado: Competition and community structure revisited

2012Environmental EntomologyRole: host/food plant (visited by B.

student_paper

Single-visit pollination efficacy of psithyrus insularism and megachile on chamerion augustifolium

2012Role: text_match

student_paper

The effects of floral traits on the behaviors of pollinators and pre-dispersal seed predators in a gynodioecious species, Polemonium foliosissimum.

2012Role: text_match

student_paper

The effects of flowering phenology and plant fitness within and across a light quality gradient for a native mustard, Cardamine cordifolia

2012Role: text_match

article

Activity and abundance of bumble bees near Crested Butte, CO: diel, seasonal, and elevation effects

2011Ecological EntomologyRole: host plant

article

An examination of synchrony between insect emergence and flowering in Rocky Mountain meadows

2011Ecological MonographsRole: text_match

article

Emergence of a mid-season period of low floral resources in a montane meadow ecosystem associated with climate change

2011Journal of EcologyRole: text_match

article

Phylogenetic distance can predict susceptibility to attack by natural enemies

2011OikosRole: text_match

article

Beyond biomass: measuring the effects of community-level nitrogen enrichment on floral traits, pollinator visitation and plant reproduction

2010J of EcologyRole: text_match

student_paper

Effects of multi-species interactions in gynodioecious populations of Polemonium foliosissimum

2010Role: text_match

article

Flowering phenology in subalpine meadows: does climate variation influence community co-flowering patterns?

2010EcologyRole: text_match

student_paper

Nectar and pollen rewards of invasive plants and their native congeners

2010Role: study subject

thesis

Plant–Pollinator interactions in a changing climate

2010Role: text_match

student_paper

The effect of an introduced predator scent on mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) browsing activities in meadow habitats in Gothic, Colorado

2010Role: text_match

article

Effects of flowering plant density on pollinator visitation, pollen receipt, and seed production in Delphinium barbeyi

2009American Journal of BotanyRole: text_match

student_paper

Effects of nectar robbing on pollen deposition and hummingbird-pollinator behavior in Ipomopsis aggregata

2009Role: text_match

thesis

The effects of mine disturbance and contamination on pollination of subalpine wildflowers

2009Role: text_match

student_paper

The response of four subalpine forbs to supplemental nitrogen within different soil moisture environments

2009Role: text_match

thesis

Bottom-up effects of nutrient enrichment on plants, pollinators, and their interactions

2008Role: text_match

student_paper

Effect of Soil Metals on Pollination of Subalpine Wildflowers

2008Role: text_match

article

Interactions between nectar robbers and seed predators mediated by a shared host plant, Ipomopsis aggregata

2008OecologiaRole: text_match

student_paper

The effect of sampling effort on species richness estimates of flower visitors

2007Role: text_match

article

Effects of nectar robbing on nectar dynamics and bumblebee foraging strategies in Linaria vulgaris

2005OikosRole: text_match

student_paper

Impacts of Mule Deer Herbivory on Herbaceous Vegetation in the Gothic Area, with Focus on Aquilegia coerulea

2005Role: text_match

article

Temporal and spatial variation in pollination of a montane herb: a seven-year study

2005EcologyRole: text_match

student_paper

The effects of the invasive plant Linaria vulgaris on native plant fitness and pollinator behavior

2005Role: text_match

article

'Anti-bee' and 'pro-bird' changes during the evolution of hummingbird pollination in Penstemon flowers

2004Journal of Evolutionary BiologyRole: text_match

article

Direct and indirect effects of pollinators and seed predators to selection on plant and floral traits

2004OikosRole: text_match

thesis

The ecology of pollination and nectar robbing in Linaria vulgaris in the Colorado Rocky Mountains

2004TSpaceRole: text_match

thesis

The structure of plant-pollinator interactions in montane meadow environments

2004Role: text_match

article

Impact of nectar robbing on estimates of pollen flow: conceptual predictions and emperical outcomes

2003EcologyRole: text_match

article

Pollen transfer by hummingbirds and bumblebees, and divergence of pollination modes in Penstemon

2003EvolutionRole: study subject

article

Dynamic nectar replenishment in flowers of Penstemon (Scrophulariaceae)

2002American Journal of BotanyRole: text_match

article

Plant responses to experimental warming in a montane meadow

2001EcologyRole: text_match

article

Floral dimorphism, pollination, and self-fertilization in gynodioecious Geranium richardsonii (Geraniaceae)

2000American Journal of BotanyRole: text_match

article

Pollen presentation and pollination syndromes, with special reference to Penstemon

2000Plant Species BiologyRole: primary study subject - bee-po

article

Effects of Local Density on Pollination and Reproduction in Delphinium nuttallianum and Aconitum columbianum (Ranunculaceae)

1999American Journal of BotanyRole: text_match

article

Estimating species-area relationships from plot to landscape scale using species spatial-turnover data

1999OikosRole: study subject

article

Flower constancy, insect psychology, and plant evolution

1999NaturwissenschaftenRole: host plant / food plant (trapl

student_paper

Nectar on Tap? The Nectar Secretion Schedules of Two Species of Penstemon

1999Role: text_match

article

Trapline foraging by bumblebees: I. Persistence of flight-path geometry

1996Behavioral EcologyRole: text_match

article

Effects of floral traits, pollinator visitation, and plant size on Ipomopsis aggregata fruit production

1994American NaturalistRole: co-flowering competitor

student_paper

Genetic variation in Penstemon strictus: effects of island habitats

1994Role: text_match

student_paper

Temperate region interactions between ants and Penstemon strictus

1994Role: text_match

article

Optimal foraging in bumblebees: hunting by expectation

1981Animal BehaviourRole: text_match

article

Optimal foraging in bumblebees and coevolution with their plants

1978OecologiaRole: host plant / study subject (co

student_paper

A study of plant succession on the Gothic earthflow

1969Role: text_match

student_paper

A study of plant succession on the Gothic earthflow

1969Role: study subject

article

Vegetation and environmental patterns in the Crested Butte area, Gunnison County, Colorado

1962Ecological MonographsRole: study subject

Penstemon strictus

Local Knowledge Graph (Top 79 entities)

Publications (129)

A Hard Day’s Buzz: how water availability shapes floral rewards and pollinator foraging on Heliomeris multiflora

Characterizing the ant-B. stricta relationship: How does plant investment in extrafloral nectar production alter ant recruitment?

Effects of Water Availability on Seed Production in Subalpine Wildflower Aster: Hymenoxys hoopesii.

Experimental warming decouples plant-fungal symbiont interactions and leads to a more conservative ecosystem

The Effect of Drought Stress on the Development of Pieris macdunnoughii Feeding on its Native and Non-Native Host Plants

Wind-driven seed dispersal differentially promotes seed trapping and retention across alpine plants

A multi-year case study highlighting the influence of hydrological conditions on epidemic dynamics in a natural plant pathosystem

Documents (5)

1980

1980

Homestake Mining Company Pitch Project Environmental Statement

Vegetation Appendix Materials for Vegetation and Wildlife Studies for the Mount Emmons Project

Vegetation Appendix Materials for Vegetation and Wildlife Studies for the Mount Emmons Project

Co-occurring Species

Ipomopsis aggregata

Bombus

Delphinium

Penstemon

Asteraceae

Mertensia

Polemonium

Lupinus

Potentilla

Taraxacum officinale

Alpine plant spatial clumping modifies leaf surface temperature

Does pollination interact with the abiotic environment to affect plant reproduction?

Nutrient niche dynamics among wild pollinators

Picky eater? How different environmental factors affect broad-tailed hummingbirds’ (Selasphorus platycercus) foraging patterns in the Rocky Mountains

Picky eater? How different environmental factors affect broad-tailed hummingbirds’ (Selasphorus platycercus) foraging patterns in the Rocky Mountains

Predicting the contribution of single trait evolution to rescuing a plant population from demographic impacts of climate change

Temperature and relative humidity effects on nectar quantity, nectar quality, and plant-pollinator interactions

Fit or Unlit: using quantum dots to investigate the effects of a floricolous yeast and nectar robbing on male fitness in Ipomopsis aggregata

Variation of wasp behavior patterns and pollination behavior on Ligusticum porteri

Biotic and abiotic drivers of plant-pollinator interaction rewiring

Community context mediates effects of pollinator loss on seed production

Differences in individual flowering time change pollen limitation and seed set in three montane wildflowers

Effects of microclimate, dispersal, species interactions, and environmental stochasticity on demography

Effects of warming, dominant species removal, and accelerated snowmelt on aboveground plant traits in the Colorado Rocky Mountains

Elevation Does Not Predict Density Dependent Population Dynamics in Valeriana edulis

Herbivory damage but not plant disease under experimental warming is dependent on weather for three subalpine grass species

Linking microenvironment modification to species interactions and demography in an alpine plant community

Ant Behavioral Responses to Aphids Colonizing <i> Ligusticum porteri </i>

Effects of clumping of <i> Delphinium barbeyi </i> on pollination

Environmental and Genetic Effects of Elevation on Plant Defense

Legume germination is delayed in dry soils and in sterile soils devoid of microbial mutualists: Species-specific implications for upward range expansions

Plant removal across an elevational gradient marginally reduces rates, substantially reduces variation in mineralization

Predicting the effects of climate change on the cross? scale epidemiological dynamics of a fungal plant pathogen

Revealing the direct and indirect effects of climate change on soil nutrient dynamics and forage resources in mountain ecosystems

Tritrophic mutualisms in a changing climate

Demographic Consequences of Phenological Shifts in Response to Climate Change

Experimental Test of the Combined Effects of Water Availability and Flowering Time on Pollinator Visitation and Seed Set

Feeding friend and foe: ample pollen mitigates the effects of pollen theft for a gynodioecious plant,Polemonium foliosissimum(Polemoniaceae)

From the ground up: Building predictions for how climate change will affect belowground mutualisms, floral traits, and bee behavior

Nectar addition changes pollinator behavior but not plant reproduction in pollen rewarding <i> Lupinus argenteus</i>

Plant–pollinator interaction niche broadens in response to severe drought perturbations

Trade-off mitigation: a conceptual framework for understanding floral adaptation in multispecies interactions

Unraveling the ecological and evolutionary impacts of a plant invader on the pollination of a native plant

Birds Perceive More Intraspecific Color Variation in Bird-Pollinated Than Bee-Pollinated Flowers

Bumble bees are constant to nectar-robbing behaviour despite low switching costs

Competition for nectar resources does not affect bee foraging tactic constancy

Low predictability of energy balance traits and leaf temperature metrics in desert, montane and alpine plant communities

Climate change, phenological shifts, and species interactions: Case studies in subalpine plant and migratory fish populations

Comparing predictive measures and model functions for estimating plant biomass: lessons from a sagebrush–rabbitbrush community

Context dependent biotic interactions control plant abundance across altitudinal environmental gradients

Floral reward strategies, visitor behavior, and plant reproductive outcomes

Identifying the Impact of Biotic Interactions on Meadow Species Distributions in Sagebrush and Bunchgrass Dominated Systems

Invasive plants and water availablity mediate outcomes of plant-pollinator interactions

Invasive plants and water availablity mediate outcomes of plant-pollinator interactions

King of the hill? How biotic interactions affect biogeographical pattern and species responses to climate change

Plant chemical mediation of ant behavior

Soil microbes that may accompany climate warming increase alpine plant production

The function of floral orientation in bluebells: interactions with pollinators and rain in two species of <i> Mertensia </i> (Boraginaceae)

The individual and combined effects of snowmelt timing and frost exposure on the reproductive success of montane forbs

Effects of Climate Change on Plants, Pollinators and Their Interactions

Effects of abiotic and biotic stress on plant fitness and herbivore defense in Boechera stricta

Microenvironment and functional-trait context dependence predict plant community dynamics

Facilitated exploitation of pollination mutualisms: fitness consequences for plants